Biological strategy

Aside from chemical innovation, biological strategies focus on new methods to study the effect of this neurotransmitter system on insomnia as well as on the possibilities for faster screening of new chemical entities, i.e, zebrafish models [91]. 

Due to the involvement of free radicals, this biological strategy is poisoned by the presence of the diradical, 02. 

When distances of micrometers are involved, and the ions are in solution, diffusion becomes very important. There are several indications that one biological strategy in diffusion control is to separate temporally, and maybe even spatially, the introduction of the cation and anion components into the microenvironment of mineralization. Several observations point to the fact that many of the charged matrix macromolecules that are components of the preformed matrix framework, do not adopt a regular conformation unless calcium is present as a counterion [39, 95]. This implies that the framework loads up first with the cation, and then only when the anion is introduced does mineralization begin. This may well be the reason why the enzymes that control the concentrations of the relevant forms of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase respectively) are so intimately associated with the mineralization site [27, 96]. This is clearly an excellent strategy for maintaining control. 

Biological strategies to remove C02 from the atmosphere, although not the focus of this report, deserve mention. These strategies remove carbon from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. On land, storage usually takes place at the same site as that of capture—for example, in a tree. Increases in atmospheric C02 enhance plant growth up to a point that is yet to be fully understood. In the ocean, capture is via various organisms at the surface that then sink into the deep ocean. 

A systems biology strategy for predicting similarities and differences of drug effects evidence for drug-specific modulation of inflammation in atherosclerosis. BMC Syst Biol 5 125... 

IV. Limited Biological Space as an Effective Biological Strategy... 

IV. LIMITED BIOLOGICAL SPACE AS AN EFFECTIVE BIOLOGICAL STRATEGY... 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Analytical methods with satisfactory sensitivity and precision are available to determine the levels of strontium in human tissues and body fluids. Strontium and radiostrontium are found in essentially all food, water, and air, so everyone is exposed to some levels. Recently, Sutherland et al. (2000a, 2000b) developed a molecular biological strategy to identify clustered lesions in DNA resulting from in vitro cellular exposure to gamma radiation. 

Over one hundred compounds have been isolated and structurally characterized [28] from the various bracken genotypes that comprise the Pteridium taxonomic complex [10, 29,30]. The combination of the biological strategies and the timely production of bioactive chemicals [31,32], in addition to a genome of considerable plasticity residing in 104 chromosomes [30], give support to the spectacular ecological success of... 

There is little doubt that semi-synthetic and biological strategies towards estrone are highly attractive. The toxicity of thallium compounds and the use of lead tetraacetate represent drawbacks in the chemical procedures compared with biological approaches. The availability of microbiological methods for transforming cholesterol (and sitosterol) into androstanes enhances the latter methodology (ref. 118). 

Fast, A.G. and Papoutsakis, E.T. (2012) Stoichiometric and energetic analyses of non-photosynthetic C02-fixation pathways to support synthetic biology strategies for production of fuels and chemicals. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng., 1, 380-395. 

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