Biological ointments

When the problem is to disrupt Ughtly bonded clusters or agglomerates, a new aspect of fine grinding enters. This may be iUustrated by the breakdown of pigments to incorporate them in liquid vehicles in the making of paints, and the disruption of biological cells to release soluble produces. Purees, food pastes, pulps, and the like are processed by this type of mill. Dispersion is also associated with the formation of emulsions which are basically two-fluid systems. Syrups, sauces, milk, ointments, creams, lotions, and asphalt and water-paint emulsions are in this categoiy. 

Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb s wool), beeswax (Fig. 10-5), camauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales see Box 10-1) are widely used in the manufacture of lotions, ointments, and polishes. 

Transdermal administration can avoid first-pass metabolism as well as provide a large surface area for continuous-controlled administration of drugs with short biological half-lives and narrow therapeutical indices. The route has been used for nitroglycerin ointments, and transdermal therapeutical systems (patches) have been developed for scopolamine, nitroglycerin, clonidine, estradiol, and nicotine. 

Substantial research has also been performed on organo compounds of the metalloids. Silicon compounds particularly have played a major role, as witness the monograph by Voronkov 270) and the articles by Fessenden and Fessenden 86) and Garson and Kirchner 107). Silicones, because of their inertness to biological processes, have been used as heart valves, blood vessels, implants, ointments, etc. 192). Other organosilicon compounds are extremely active biologically 270a). 

Many cosmetics, paints, ointments, foods, shampoos, and medicines contain preservatives to combat biological degradation. Toxic chemicals used as preservatives include mercury compounds, formaldehyde, methyl and propyl p-aminobenzoic acids, butylated hydroxyanisol, butylated hydroxytoluene, benzoic acid, and quaternary ammonium compounds. 32 ... 

Tacalcitol (la, 24-dihydroxy vitamin D3) is a biologically active hormone derived from vitamin D. In a study of 157 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis, tacalcitol ointment applied once daily during a 6-month treatment period decreased mean PASI score by 67% and body area affected from 13.3% to 8.8%. Reported adverse effects of tacalcitol are hmited to local, transient, mild irritation. ... 

An improved version of the World War I orchard sprayer decontamination apparatus was fielded to provide ground and equipment decontamination. It could also be used for plain water showers for soldiers (Figure 2-39). For treatment of gas casualties, the CWS standardized the M5 Protective Ointment Kit. This kit came in a small, waterproof container and held four tubes of M5 Protective Ointment wrapped in cheesecloth and a tube of BAL (British anti-Lewisite) Eye Ointment. The protective ointment was used to liberate chlorine to neutralize vesicant agents on the skin. The BAL ointment neutralized Lewisite in and around the eye by changing it to a nontoxic compound. Over 25 million of the kits were procured for the army.26 35 105 Biological Warfare Program... 

Drugs are normally applied to the eye as solutions (eye drops) and more rarely as suspensions or as ointments. However, the loss of drug either by tear flow or by drainage into the nasolacrimal duct as well as the impairment of vision by viscous ophthalmic ointments are major drawbacks for optimum delivery. As a submicron emulsion is biologically compatible, stable, and sterilizable, it appeared to be of imere.st as an ocular vehicle. Emulsion formulations have some advantages in providing a reservoir for slow release of drug in a nonviscous medium. 

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