Cytochrome c Folding

4 Cytochrome c Folding, Electron Transfer, and Cell Apoptosis 

Homoarginine is not expected to coordinate to the cobalt(III) metal centers. Results show that the tuna Har-Co-cyt c refolded in a single kinetic event 

2 Electron Transfer in Cytochrome c and Its Redox Partners. Electron 

Recent structural studies and electron transfer kinetic experiments focus on structures in which a site-specific covalent crosslink between cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase subunits exists. One of these used site-directed mutagenesis to form a disulfide bond between a V197C mutant CcP and an A81C 

In the experiment, ZnCcP is produced by laser photolysis, then transient absorption spectroscopy follows the formation (k ) and decay (/Ceb) of ZnCcP + in wild-type and mutant crystals. Kang and Crane have studied the effects of interface mutations on electron transfer rates in single crystals using complexes between a zinc-substituted cytochrome c peroxidase (ZnCcP) and site-directed mutants of yeast cytochrome c (yCc).The mutants replaced the 

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Cytochrome c folding and electron transfer are related topics. An improperly folded protein—engendered through amino acid mutation for instance— will exhibit diminished or nonexistent electron transfer. More reports will be forthcoming from many research groups on the topics of protein folding and electron transfer between proteins. The reader should consult the literature for updates on these related hot topics. The reader is referred to the 2006 Chemical Reviews article from the Bertini group (reference 101), which exhaustively surveys the cytochrome c field. 

Cysteine proteases 482 Cytidine deaminase 359 Cytidine triphosphate synthetase 298 Cytochrome c, folding kinetics 551... 

Akiyama, S., Takahashi, S., Kimura, T., Ishimori, K., Morishima, I., Nishikawa, Y., and Fujisawa, T. (2002). Conformational landscape of cytochrome c folding studied by microsecond-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1329-1334. 

Lee JC, Gray HB, Winkler JR. Cytochrome c folding triggered by electron transfer Fast and slow formation of four-helix bundles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001 98 7760 1. 

Lee JC, Chang I-J, Gray HB, Winkler JR. The cytochrome c folding landscape revealed by electron-transfer kinetics. J Mol Biol 2002 320 159-64. 

Konermann, L., Collings, B. A., and Douglas, D. J. (1997). Cytochrome c folding kinetics studied by time resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 36, 5554-5559. 

A. Cardenas and R. Elber (2003) Kinetics of Cytochrome C Folding Atomically Detailed Simulations. Proteins, Structure Function and Genetics 51, pp. 245-257... 

Cardenas, A.E., Elber, R. Kinetics of cytochrome C folding Atomically detailed simulations. Proteins Struct., Funct., Genet. 2003, 51, 245-57. 

Elove, G.A., Chaffotte, A.F, Roder, H., Goldberg, M.E. Early steps in cytochrome-c folding probed by time-resolved circular-dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1992,31,6876-83. 

Hoang, L., Bedard, S., Krishna, M.M.G., Lin, Y, Englander, S.W. Cytochrome c folding pathway Kinetic native-state hydrogen exchange, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002,99,12173-8. 

Yang, H. and Smith, D.L. (1997) Kinetics of cytochrome c folding examined by hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry. Biochemistry, 36 14992-14999. 

Konermann, L Codings, B.A., Douglas, D.J. (1997) Cytochrome c Folding Kinetics Studied by Time-resolved Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 36 5554-5559. 

Yang, H., Smith, DT. (1997) Kinetics of Cytochrome c Folding Examined by Hydrogen Exchange and Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 36 14992-14999. 

Early Steps in Cytochrome-c Folding Probed by Time-Resolved Circular-Dichroism and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. 

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