Biological and medical applications

A range of emulsions, foams and suspensions can be found in biology and medicine. In fact, the human body alone contains a range of suspensions, emulsions, and sometimes foams. Some examples are given in Table 14.1. 

Whole blood contains plasma, which is essentially an aqueous solution of proteins, in which are dispersed several kinds of cells or particles  

Viruses are much smaller, being are about 20-300 nm. Aggregation phenomena are important in virus suspensions because irreversible aggregation of virus particles results in precipitation and loss of biological activity. Conversely, a key challenge in the development and commercial production of viruses for human gene therapy 

Emulsions, Foams, and Suspensions Fundamentals and Applications. Laurier L. Schramm Copyright 2005 WILEY-VCH Veriag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 3-527-30743-5 

There are also several examples of natural surfactants and foams in the human body. The understanding of the pulmonary surfactant system, although discovered in 1929, has only been applied clinically since about 1990 for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant replacement therapy may also be used in treating other forms of lung disease, such as meconium aspiration syndrome, neonatal pneumonia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia [881]. Lung surfactant, composed of phospholipids and proteins [882,883], is necessary to maintain a low surface tension at the alveolar air-liquid interface. When there is a deficiency of surfac- 

In unilamellar vesicles, there is a single spherical layer of lamellar micelles surrounding a core of solvent. Such unilamellar vesicles tend to have diameters in the range of about 30-100nm, much larger than the normal size of micelles. Vesicles can easily have lifetimes from days to months. Vesicles can be about the same 

Emulsions, Foams, Suspensions, and Aerosols Microscience and Applications, 

Aerosols Pollen, spores, bacteria, virus, animal dander S/G 

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Laurent TC (1998) (ed.) The chemistry biology and medical applications of hyaluro-nan and its derivatives. Portland, London... 

T. C. Laurent, The Chemistry, Biology and Medical Application of Hyaluronan and Its Derivatives. Portland Press, London, 1998. 

The substance to be determined is generally reacted with a metal and the excess metal or the metal reacted with the substance is measured. Examples of biological and medical applications are given below. 

The use of CNTs in composites for optical, mechanical, electronic, biological and medical applications, etc., requires the chemical modification of their surface in order to meet specific requirements depending on the application [140]. While searching for how to perform the covalent functionalization of CNTs, it was found that the tips of CNTs were more reactive than their sidewalls [142,143]. 

Nucleoside Analogs Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications", Walker, R.T. Clercq, Eric de Eckstein, F., Eds. NATO Adv. Study Inst. Ser., Ser. A A26, NATO Adv. Study Inst., 1979, pp.319-336. 

While these steroids directly regulate sexual function, their synthesis and release are, in turn, controlled by gonadotropins — polypeptide hormones produced by the pituitary gland. The biology and medical applications of the gonadotropins are outlined in Chapter 8. Sex hormones produced naturally may be classified into one of three groups ... 

Biology, and Medical Applications of Hyaluronan and Its DerivativIsC. Laurent, ed., Portland Press, London, 43-65. 

The Raman microprobe has been used to detect foreign bodies in various tissues (38). Figure 3-9 shows spectra of lymph node tissue of 5 pm size, which was obtained by biopsy from a patient. The foreign body was identified as a particle of silicon rubber (dimethyl siloxane). For more biological and medical applications, see Section 6.2.4. 

Recently, the SERS effect has been used increasingly for highly sensitive sensor devices for biological and medical applications as well as in practical analytical chemistry (Alivisatos, 2004 Emory and Nie, 1998 Faulds et al., 2004 Ishikawa et al., 2002 Kneipp et al., 1995 Wang et al., 2003), and the field of catalysis certainly will see a comparable increase in SERS investigations of active metal catalysts (vide infra). 

Examples of nir analysis are polymer identification (126,127), pharmaceutical manufacturing (128), gasoline analysis (129,130), and on-line refinery process chemistry (131). Nir fiber optics have been used as immersion probes for monitoring pollutants in drainage waters by attenuated total internal reflectance (132). The usefijlness of nir for aqueous systems has led to important biological and medical applications (133). 

Laurent, T. C. The chemistry, biology and medical applications of hyaluronan and its derivatives. London Portland Press, 1998. 

R. J. Dempsey and R. Lodder, Driven to Depth Biological and Medical Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, http / /kerouac, pharm.uky. edu. 

Compared with fluorescent proteins and Q-dots, small fluorescence molecules have advantages such as less steric bulkiness, faster labeling, and easier handling,4 and thus have been widely utilized as popular tools for chemical, biological, and medical applications. Although the demand for useful fluorescence sensors is acute, for decades, the conventional target-oriented approach remains as the dominating approach for new fluorescence sensor development, if not the only one, which has limited the scope and speed of novel sensor discovery. 

Microfluidics is the manipulation of fluids in channels, with at least two dimensions at the micrometer or submicrometer scale. This is a core technology in a number of miniaturized systems developed for chemical, biological, and medical applications. Both gases and liquids are used in micro-/nanofluidic applications, ° and generally, low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics is relevant to bioMEMS applications. Typical Reynolds numbers for biofluids flowing in microchannels with linear velocity up to 10 cm/s are less than Therefore, viscous forces dominate the response and the flow remains laminar. 

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