Biodiesel production composition

Animal fats or plant oils can pass on to the final biodiesel product particular characteristics derived from their differences in composition. For instance, if biodiesel is produced from the transesterification of a representative vegetable... 

Standard canola oil, mainly because of its fatty acid composition, is relatively well suited for biodiesel production. Harrington (145), and Knothe et al. (146) discussed desired properties of fatty acid ester structure for biodiesel. Knothe et al. (146) also discussed biodiesel standards in different countries, for those interested. Briefly, the desired properties of vegetable oil fatty acids for methyl ester biodiesel can be summarized as follows ... 

Chen, Y-H Chen, J-H Chang, C-Y, Chang, C-C. Biodiesel production from tung (Verniciamontana) oil and its blending properties in different fatty acid compositions. Bioresource Technology, 2010, v. 101 (24), 9521-9526. 

Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids from Common Feedstocks Tested for Biodiesel Production Fatty Acid Composition (wt%) ... 

Bajpai, D., and V. K. Tyagi. 2006. Biodiesel Source, Production, Composition, Properties and Its Benifits. Journal ofOleo Science 55 (10) 487—502. 

Shi, W., J. Li, B. He, F. Yan, Z. Cui, K. Wu, L. Lin, X. Qian, and Y. Cheng. 2013. Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat with Low Free Fatty Acids by an Integrated Catalytic Process of Composite Membrane and Sodium Methoxide. Biosource Technology 139 316-322. 

Polyesters could as well be produced by a much cheaper way starting from agricultural wastes (e.g. molasses, maltose, glycerol phase from biodiesel production, whey, bagasse) as long as these materials have a known composition and are available in appropriate quantities . New production technology are under development to reduce polyester final cost. 

Microbial oils may have great potential for biodiesel production due to FA composition. Microorganisms also produce edible oils rich in PUFA for dietary supplements and infant nutrition applications (Ratledge 2004 Cahoon and Schmid 2008). It is possible to observe that the FA profile produced by microorganisms is quite similar to vegetable oils (Table 5) and can thus be used as a substitute for biofuels. 

Table 5.4 Fatty add methyl esters composition of nonedible vegetable oils for biodiesel production... 

Atabani, A.E., Cesar, A.D., 2014. CalophyUum inophyllum L. - a prospective non-edible biodiesel feedstock. Study of biodiesel production, properties, fatty acid composition, blending and engine performance. Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 37, 644—655. 

Dolomite is a naturally abundant material, used widely for construction applications, which comprises Mg(C03)-Ca(C03) layers in an arrangement very similar to calcite (CaC03) and is an interesting precursor to generate solid base catalysts. As the carbonate form, dolomite is relatively inactive, however upon calcination, dolomite forms an intermixed MgO-CaO composite that shows excellent activity for biodiesel production. 

Based on this ability to manipulate the algal composition, these organisms can be used for the production of different types of biofuel. For example, those algae which are rich in hpids are better suited for the production of bio-oil or biodiesel those rich in starch can be used for alcoholic fermentations to afford ethanol and those rich in proteins and starch can be used for the production of biogas. 

The products obtained were analyzed for composition using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (LC -10AT Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), which consisted of a column (STR ODS-II, 25 cm in length x 4.6 mm in id Shinwa Chemical, Osaka, Japan) operated at 40°C at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with methanol as a carrier solvent. The column was packed with silica particles (5-pm particle diameter and 12-nm pore diameter). The cloud and pour points of the obtained biodiesel were then determined by a mini-cloud/pour point tester (Model MPC-102 Tanaka Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) based on ASTM D2500 for cloud point and ASTM D6749 for pour point (14). 

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