Biodegradation test for

De Morsier A, J Blok, P Gerike, L Reynolds, H Wellens, WJ Bontinck (1987) Biodegradation tests for poorly-soluble compounds. Chemosphere 16 269-277. 

M. Mulyono, E. Jasjfi, and M. Maloringan. Biodegradation test for oil spill dispersant (OSD) and OSD-oil mixture. In Proceedings Volume, pages 355-363. 5th Asian Counc Petrol Conf (Ascope 93) (Bangkok, Thailand, 11/2-11/6), 1993. 

Zee, M.E. van der, Stoutjesdijk, J.H., Fell, H. and Feijen, J. (1998b). Relevance of aquatic biodegradation tests for predicting degradation of polymeric materials during biological waste treatment. Chemosphere, 36(3), 461 73. 

Norway has a standardized test program for permit derivation, comprising the Ames mutagenicity test, acute and chronic toxicity tests, and a biodegradation test. For monitoring purposes, it is advised to start screening the toxicity of an effluent with a comparatively large... 

Bakhtyar, S., Gagnon, M.M., Webb, D., Nguyen, K. and Rabke, S.P. (2011) Closed-bottle biodegradation test for synthetic-based drilling fluids under Australian conditions. Global J. Environ. Res., 5 (1), 21-31. 

Seal K (1991) A review of biodegradability test for new chemical notifications scheme. Chimica Oggi 9 30-32... 

During a soil burial biodegradation test for 27 months, samples specimen were withdrawn at time intervals and characterized by means of structural and thermal analysis. This method allows to watch any progress of oxidative degradation as a direct effect of the incubation in an active microbial environment. 

There have been numerous communications on the subject of biodegradation test methods, including aerobic compost (30), anaerobic bioreactor (31), general methodology and future directions (32—34), and a fine review article (24). ASTM (22) and MITI (35) have also set forth standard testing protocols for plastics, as shown in Table 2, whereas OECD test methods (29) are more suited to water-soluble polymers. 

A preliminary test for the biodegradability of the 3-phenyl- and 3-carbamoyl-2(lH)pyridones was conducted in a barnyard humus suspension. The analysis by HPLC showed some loss, and the fluorescent compounds seemed to be adsorbed onto the solid. The 3-carbamoyl-2(lH)pyridone (II) also hydrolyzed to 3-carboxylic acid-2(lH)pyridone both in the slurry test and in water solutions that had been left standing 1-2 weeks. In preliminary tests both the 3-phenyl- and the 3-carbamoyl-2(lH)pyridones apparently adsorbed to some extent on silica sand columns. In addition, the solubility of both 1-H compounds was somewhat low, 1.3 x 10 M for II, and 1.0 x 10 M for IV. 

Cripe CR, Walker WW, Pritchard PH, et al. 1987. A shake-flask test for estimation of biodegradability of toxic organic substances in the aquatic environment. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 14 239-251. 

All these observations emphasize that tests for biodegradability carried ont at high snbstrate concentrations may not adequately predict the rates of degradation occurring in natnral ecosystems where only low concentrations of xenobiotics are enconntered (Alexander 1985). This phenomenon is therefore of enormons environmental importance, since it would imply the possible extreme persistence of low concentrations in natnral ecosystems. The further exploration of this phenomenon is probably only limited in practice by the access to analytical methods for measnring snfficiently... 

Biodegradation significant degradation within 7 d for a domestic sewage 28-d test for an average of three static-flask screening (Tabak et al. 1981)... 

Biodegradation aerobic biodegradation t,/2 = 4320-8760 h, based on essentially no biodegradation observed for hexachlorobenzene in soil die-away tests (Griffin Chou 1981 quoted, Howard et al. 1991) anaerobic biodegradation t,/2 = 17280-35040 h, based on essentially no biodegradation observed for hexachlorobenzene in soil die-away tests (Griffin Chou 1981 quoted, Howard et al. 1991). 

Surface water i/2 = 4320-8760 h, based on essentially no biodegradation observed for hexachlorobenzene in soil die-away tests (Griffin Chou 1981 quoted, Howard et al. 1991). 

Manera C, Margiotta S, Di Muro E, Gatta G (2002) Experimental tests on innovative and biodegradable films for solarization soil in a site of south Italy. Acta Hort (ISHS) 578 363-371 Mansoori B, Jaliani NKH (1996) Control of soilborne pathogens of watermelon by solar heating. 

Historically, respirometers have been used for wastewater biodegradability evaluation. More recently [52], a mobile on-line respirometer was proposed and tested for monitoring the activated sludge inhibition due to industrial discharges in a sewer network. A derived portable device called a Baroxymeter [53], based on monitoring the respiration of a bacterial culture by pressure measurements and using respiration inhibition as a toxicity alert, was proposed for the rapid detection of the toxicity effect of some toxic substances. 

The environmental behaviour of LAS, as one of the most widely-used xenobiotic organic compounds, has aroused considerable interest and study. As a result, it has been determined that, under certain conditions, LAS compounds are completely biodegradable however, in the marine environment their degradation is known to be slower. The presence of metabolites of the anionic LAS surfactants, the long and short chain SPC derivatives, in the aqueous environment is well known, and as such these degradation intermediates needed to be monitored (and tested for their toxic effects). 

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