Biochemical separation processes chromatography

Huanlin Chen/ M Sc Professor of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, "Zhejiang University (Selection of Biochemical Separation Processes—Affinity Membrane Chromatography)... 

Guan9hui Ma, Ph.D. Professor, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, CAS, Beijing, China (Selection of Biochemical Separation Processes— Gigaporous Chromatography Media)... 

The preceding accomplishments are applied in nature, but required tremendous amounts of basic research on mass transfer, interactions of materials with biological components, fluid dynamics, separation processes (especially chromatography and membrane separations), and biochemical kinetics. 

C. King The Use of Coenzymes in Biochemical Reactors. - C. Wandrey, E Flaschel Process Development and Economical Aspects in Enzyme Engineering Acylase-L-Methionine System. - D.J. Graves, Yun-Tai Wu The Rational Design of Affinity Chromatography Separation Processes. 

Since the applications of chromatography were nurtured to a large extent by use in the field of separation processes, much early work was couched in terms arising from the concepts of equilibrium-stage separation units. Indeed, some of these ideas go back quite some time [A.J.P. Martin and R.L.M. Singe, Biochem. JL, 35, 1359 (1941)]. However, our approach throughout the text has been in terms of continuum balances (with the possible exception of CSTR sequences), and we will continue that approach. As in previous sections of this chapter, there is more than a superficial resemblance in the analysis to earlier considerations of residence-time distribution in fiow reactors. This presentation will largely follow the classical work of Lapidus and Amundson [L. Lapidus and N.R. Amundson, J. Phys. Chem., 56, 984 (1952)]. 

It is useful to conclude with several examples from our laboratory. We have applied the procedure of ion pair partition chromatography to the separation of biochemically important mixtures (47,48). In this method of liquid-liquid partition, the basic distribution process can be written as... 

On the other hand, the most severe constraint of CL analyses is their relatively low selectivity. One major goal of CL methodologies is thus to improve selectivity, which can be accomplished in three main ways (1) by coupling the CL reaction to a previous, highly selective biochemical process such as an immunochemical and/or enzymatic reaction (2) by using a prior continuous separation technique such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis or (3) by mathematical discrimination of the combined CL signals. This last approach is discussed in Sec. 4. 

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is one of the most popular and widely used separation techniques because it is easy to use and offers adequate sensitivity and speed of separations. Furthermore, multiple samples can be run simultaneously. It can be used for separation, isolation, identification, and quantification of components in a sample. The equipment used for performance of TLC, including applications of TLC in drug discovery process, is covered in Chapter 13. This technique has been successfully used in biochemical, environmental, food, pharmacological, and toxicological analyses. 

The molecular details of a biochemical process cannot be fully elucidated until the reacting molecules have been isolated and characterized. Therefore, our understanding of biochemical principles has increased at about the same pace as the development of techniques for the separation and identification of biomolecules. Chromatography has been and will continue to be the most effective technique for isolating and purifying all types of biomolecules. In addition, it is widely used as an analytical tool to measure quantitative properties. 

On March 8,1903, MiMiail Tswett presented a lecture at the meeting of the Biological Section of the Warsaw Society of Natural Sciences entitled On a New Category of Adsorption Phenomena and Their Applications to Biochemical Analysis. Later he reported that plant pigments were separated by differential adsorption on a column of calcium carbonate into a number of colored bands. He originated the term chromatography to describe this process. 

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