Bioceramics calcium-phosphate ceramics

Naturally occurring phosphate cements are also known. Krajewski [3] cites calcium-based phosphate cements in the Albeian condensed Glauconitic Limestone of the Tatra Mountains in Western Carpathians. In recent years methods have been developed to fabricate calcium phosphate ceramics by direct reaction of calcium compounds and either phosphoric acid or an acid phosphate. The mineralogy of the products has also been well studied. Most of these efforts are directed towards development of calcium-based bioceramics containing calcium phosphate compounds, such as hydroxyapatite. These developments are discussed below. 

Radin SR, Ducheyne P (1992) Plasma-spraying induced changes of calcium phosphate ceramic characteristics and the effect on in vitro stability. J Mater Sci Mater in Med 3 33-42 Ramires PA, Romito A, Cosentino F, Milella E (2001) The influence of titania/hydroxylapatite composite coatings on in vitro osteoblasts behaviour. Biomaterials 22 1467-1474 Ravaglioli A, Krajewski A (1992) Bioceramics Materials, Properties, Applications. Chapman and Hall, London... 

Feenstra L and de Groot K. 1983. Medical use of calcium phosphate ceramics. In Bioceramics of calcium phosphate. K. de Groot (Ed.), pp. 131-141, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Lemons J.E., Bajpai P.K., Patka P, Bonel G., Starling L.B., Rosenstiel T., Muschler G, Kampnier S., and Timmermans T. 1988. Significance of the porosity and physical chemistry of calcium phosphate ceramics orthopaedic uses. In Bioceramics Material Characteristics Versus In Vivo Behavior. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 523, pp. 190-197. 

While preparing bioceramic samples from various commercial materials available on the market, we have come across hardly predictable properties of the end product, like crystallinity degree, phase composition and, following, bioactivity and mechanical characteristics. One of the disadvantages while purchasing commercial calcium phosphate powders or commercial calcium phosphate ceramic materials is insufficient information about s5mthesis conditions of these calcium phosphates, raw materials and in which proportions these materials are taken. 

Bioceramics have now been widely used as bone replacement materials in orthopaedic surgery. In particular, calcium phosphate ceramics have been applied as bioactive ceramics with bone bonding capacities. 

Uniaxial compression tests may be done either on unconiined or confined specimens. Unconfined uniaxial tests of porous calcium phosphate ceramics (intended for use as a bioceramic body part) are shown in Fig. 1.43. 

De Groot, K. Le Geros, R.(1988). Significance of Porosity and Physical Chemistry of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics. In Ducheyne, P. Lemons editors. Bioceramics Material Characteristics Versus In Vivo Behaviour. (268-277). New York Publ. J. Am. Acad. Sci. 

Toth, J. M., Lynch, K. L., and Hackbarth, D. A., Ceramic-induced osteogenesis following subcutaneous implantation of calcium phosphates. Bioceramics 6, 9-13 (1993). 

In this chapter, we will attempt to trace briefly the long and sometimes anfractuous history of important bioceramics including coatings. Emphasis will be put on the bioinert ceramics alumina and zirconia, as well as on bioactive, that is osseo-conductive calcium phosphates. 

De Groot, K. (1991) Medical applications of calcium phosphate bioceramics. /. Ceram. 

Ceramics used in fabricating implants can be classified as nonabsorbable (relatively inert), bioactive or surface reactive (semi-inert) [Hench, 1991,1993] and biodegradable or resorbable (non-inert) [Hentrich et al., 1971 Graves et al., 1972]. Alumina, zirconia, silicone nitrides, and carbons are inert bioceramics. Certain glass ceramics and dense hydroxyapatites are semi-inert (bioreactive) and calcium phosphates and calcium aluminates are resorbable ceramics [Park and Lakes, 1992]. 

Yamamuro, T., Hench, L.L., and Wilson, J. (Eds.) (1990) Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, Volume I Bioactive Glasses and Glass Ceramics, Volume II Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxylapatite Ceramics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. A collection of articles on bioactive and resorbable bioceramics. 

Properties of bioceramic implants obtained from various commercial and laboratory synthesized calcium phosphate precursors are different, since behavior of those precursors is different within the thermal treatment processes, which are a significant stage of obtaining ceramics. 

Pecqueux, F., Tancret, F., Payraudeau, N., Bouler, J. M., "Influence of microporosity and macroporosity on the mechanical properties of biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics modelling and experiment " Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 819-829,2010. 

Bioceramic materials have developed into a very powerful driver of advanced ceramics research and development. For many years bioceramics, both bioinert materials such as alumina, zirconia and, to a limited extent titania (Lindgren et al., 2009), and bioconductive materials such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and calcium phosphate cements, have been used successfully in dinical practice. In addition, applications continue to emerge that use biomaterials for medical devices. An excellent account of the wide range of bioceramics available today has recently been produced by Kokubo (2008), in which issues of the significance of the structure, mechanical properties and biological interaction of biomaterials are discussed, and their clinical applications in joint replacement, bone grafts, tissue engineering, and dentistry are reviewed. The type and consequences of cellular responses to a variety of today s biomaterials have been detailed in recent books (Di Silvio, 2008 Basu et al., 2009 Planell et al., 2009). 

De Groot, K., Klein, C.P.A.T., Wolke, J.G.C. De Bliek-Hogervorst, J. (1990). Chemistry of ealeium phosphate bioceramics. In Yamamuro, T., Hech, L.L. Wilson, J., Editors. Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, Vol. 11, Calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite Ceramics (3-15). Boca Raton, FL.CRC Press. 

Pecqueux F, Tancret F, Payraudeau N et al (2010) Influence of microporosity and macroporosity on the mechanical properties of bi-phasic calcium phosphate bioceramics Modeling and experiment. J Euro Ceram Soc 30 4 819-829 DOI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.09. 017. 

Acros D. Calcium phosphate bioceramics. In Vallet-Regi M, editor. Bio-ceramics with clinical applications. 2014. p. 465. 

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