Bioamines

Vernier, P, Cardinaud, B, Valdenaire, O, Philippe, H and Vincent, J-D (1995) An evolutionary view of drug-receptor interaction the bioamine receptor family. TIPS 16 375-381. 

The aspartate-98 is conserved in the bioamine transporters and is positioned analogous to the GATl glycine-63 hence, a similar role could be ascribed to the glycine. 

Previous results have shown that parasite infection of the snail host affects the neuroendocrine system of the snail in a way that results in reduced reproduction of these snails a phenomenon referred to as parasitic castration (Crews and Yoshino 1989 Sorensen and Minchella, 2001). The Lymnaea stagnalis-Trichobilharzia ocellata host-parasite combination has been the model system adopted for most of these studies (de Jong-Brink et at., 2001). However, comparable studies as to how parasite infection affects the snail s central nervous system (CNS) in releasing neuropeptides and bioamines that modulate snail reproduction and the internal defence system of... 

In leprosy, depletion of serotonin and low uptake of the bioamine by blood platelets has been observed. The sugar derivative counteracts these phenomena, reestablishing the serotonin level necessary for the nearly normal function of platelets and neurons (1J5). 

Several of the compound types in this chapter have useful biological activities. This is not unexpected since many of those compounds which are effective in the modification of responses to bioamines are themselves organic bases. Quinelorane (114) which is a potent dopamine (D2) agonist has been patented as an antihypertensive and antiparkinsonism agent <85USP4501890>. 

Manganese toxicity has been observed in miners exposed to high levels of Mn02 dust. The neurological symptoms mimic Parkinson s disease. Major changes were observed in the biogenic amines, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and phenylalanine. Restoration of appropriate levels of these bioamines alleviated the symptoms. Chelation therapy has not been demonstrated as an effective strategy. ... 

Interestingly, when searching for new endogenous bioamine-interfering CNS agents, Bourguignon and co-workers found that the two orZ/zo-brominated aminopyridazines 4-bromo-6-phenylpyridazin-3-amine and A -benzyl-4-bromo-6-phenylpyridazin-3-amine (82) can be used as substrates in Suzuki arylation reactions without the need of any amino group protection [52]. 

The catecholamines belong to a family of bioamines and are secretory products of the sympathoadrenal system, which are required for the body to adapt to a great variety of acute and chronic stresses. Epinephrine (80-85% of stored catecholamines) is synthesized primarily in the cells of the adrenal medulla, whereas norepinephrine (15-20% of stored catecholamines) is synthesized and stored not only in the adrenal medulla but also in various areas of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the nerve endings of the adrenergic nervous system. Dopamine, another catecholamine, acts primarily as a neurotransmitter and has httie effect on fuel metabolism. 

Bioamines, with the formula R-NH, are also particularly closely controlled in view of their harmful effects (histamine). 

Since the time of Hippocrates, bioamines have been held responsible for physiological problems in humans. They are present mainly in foods and beverages produced by fermentation with lactic bacteria, including cheese, dry sausage, cider... 

The automated method described by Lethonen et al. (1992) is capable of identifying and assaying over twenty bioamines in wine at the same time. It is thus possible to envisage a detailed study of these compounds, aimed at determining their possible responsibility for the symptoms experienced by certain subjects after ingesting wine. 

From a biochemical standpoint, bioamines are mainly formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids due to decarboxylase activity. This phenomenon is assisted by pyridoxal phosphate from yeasts and bacteria (Table 5.4 and Figure 5.9). Bioamines therefore originate from fermentation. 

Certain bacterial strains, such as Pediococcus or Lactobacillus, may contain this type of enzyme. They may also be capable of biosynthesizing them by induction, in the presence of an amino acid precursor (Brink et al., 1990). Arginine is the amino acid precnrsor of several bioamines. Figure 5.9 shows that decarboxylation by bacterial arginine decarboxylase prodnces agmatine, a bioamine precnrsor of pntrescine. Ornithine (Figure 5.9) may... 

As may be expected, treating white wines with 50 g/hl of bentonite reduces bioamine... 

Table 5.4. The various bioamines and the corresponding amino acids...

Serotonin is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and is widely distributed in animals and plants. In the higher orders of animals, a greater amount of serotonin is found in the hypothalamus, limbic system, glandula pinealis, and thrombocyte. In cells, a high content is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of the synapse. Serotonin is one of the most important neu-rotransmitting substances, and it is known as a bioamine, together with histamine, etc. 

Until recently, GABA was regarded as one of the bioamines, such as dopamine (1.2), serotonin (2.1), and histamine (7.1). However, GABA should be regarded as one of the important alkaloids to be included in this chapter in view of its biological activity and process of formation. 

As described above, the alkaloid histamine originates from histidine. Histamine also exists as a common alkaloid in the body and is, like dopamine (Section 1.2) and serotonin (Section 2.1), called a bioamine. In some instances this alkaloid is discussed separately from the main alkaloids as one of the bioamines. 

Scheme 29 Proposed mechanism for the artificial multi-enzyme-catalyzed bioamination of primary alcohols...

Transmethylation reactions are widely used in modification of a variety of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, phospholipids, and bioamines. In these reactions, SAM serves as the universal methyl donor (Mato et al. 1997). Methylation reactions yield the common product 5-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), and most SAM-dependent methylations are strongly inhibited by accumulation of SAH (Mato... 

Liquid chromatographic separation techniques are useful for the simultaneous determination of various amino acids and bioamines. 

Concerning real-world samples, uncountable numbers of interfering substances, including peptides and other amino compounds, are present in the complicated biological matrices, such as tissues and physiological fluids. Therefore, selective liquid-phase separation techniques in combination with sensitive detection systems are indispensable approaches. The development of the novel reagents as well as novel separation techniques have definitely contributed (and will also continue to contribute) to expanding the frontiers of amino acid and bioamine research. 

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