Chlorinated hydrocarbons bioaccumulation

Saisho K, Hasegawa Y, Saeki M, et al. 1994. Bioaccumulation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in blue... 

Gobas, F.A.P.C., D.C. Bedard, J.J.H. Cibrowski, and G.D. Haffner. 1989. Bioaccumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by the mayfly (Hexagenia limbata) in Lake St. Clair. Jour. Great Lakes Res. 15 581-588. 

The chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides are considered persistent chemicals (Jorgenson, 2001). Degradation is quite slow when compared to other insecticides, and bioaccumulation, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, is well documented. Their mobility in soil depends on the composition of the soil the presence of organic matter favors the adsorption of these chemicals onto the soil, whereas adsorption is poor in sandy soils. Once adsorbed, they do not readily desorb. 

Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. A persistent insecticide that is toxic to non-target species. It can bioaccumulate. See also CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, ALIPHATIC. 

The recognition that chlorinated hydrocarbons are a persistent danger to wildlife led to a decrease in their use as agricultural chemicals and to an increase in the use of OPs and CBs. In general, OPs and CBs do not bioaccumulate as do chlorinated hydrocarbons and... 

Route of exposure may have much to do with the recovery from OPs. When pigeons were treated orally with an OP, inhibition of blood ChE was rapid, and recovery of activity occurred within a few days. However, when the treatment was conducted der-mally, putting the OP on the feet, recovery of enzyme activity took several weeks, implying the presence of a depot for OPs and the possibility that birds can accumulate OPs by flying from site to site. The possibility of bioaccumulation of OPs in a food chain (usually considered to be a characteristic of chlorinated hydrocarbons) was demonstrated by the report of an eagle poisoned by an OP (Warbex) in magpies that, in turn, had obtained the OP by ingesting hair from a steer that had been treated with it for parasites. 

B. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons These agents are persistent—very poorly metabolized— lipophilic chemicals that accumulate in body fat and thus are subject to both bioaccumulation and biomagnification (see Table 57-1). 

In the middle of the 20th century, the synthetic development of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons (C.H.), increased insecticidal activity well beyond that of most natural products. Problems arose with bioaccumulation of C.H. residues in the food chain, human fat tissue, mother s milk, as well as the development of insecticide resistance. It became obvious there were limitations to synthetic technology as well. The modification of a natural product, for example, from chrysanthemum flowers and their pyrethrum extracts (7) to pyrethroids such as allethrin, resmethrin, permethrin (2), and deltamethrin created a model in which insecticides are created from the skeleton of insecticidally active natural molecules. Thus, the avermectin, abamectin, ivermectin family of pesticides originated from compounds produced by the soil bacterium, Streptomyces avermitilis (5), and the commercially successful chloronicotinyl insecticides, though not derived from nicotine, are chemically related 4). Both pyrethroids and chloronicotinyls are currently used commercially as termiticides. We have previously provided a detailed review of natural products as pesticidal agents for control of the Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (5). 

Chlorinated hydrocarbons have also found wide use as flame retardant additives for polymers. Some of these may not be obvious as flame retardants since they were most commonly used as insecticides. Examples include chlordecone and Mirex. These are also toxic and bioaccumulative and have been banned from manufacture as a result. 

Mackay D, Fraser A (2000) Bioaccumulation of persistent organic chemicals Mechanisms and models. Environ Pollut 110(3) 375-391 Mai BX, Fu JM, Sheng GY, Kang YH, Lin Z, Zhang G (2002) Chlorinated and polycychc aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China. Environ Pollut 117(3) 457-474 Mao XY, Jiang WS, Zhao P, Gao HW (2008) A 3-D numerical study of salinity variations in the Bohai Sea during the recent years. Cont Shelf Res 28(19) 2689-2699... 

Table 5 Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAH) activity expressed as (a) EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activity as the relative intensity of ClPAH-mduced cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells [228] (b) environmental fate [Bioaccumulation aquatic] in Pimephales promelas over 96 h [10 L/kg wet] (c) ecotoxicological information [Aquatic Toxicity] LC50 for Pimephales promelas after 96 h [10 mg/L] and (d) carcinogenity in rats, TD50 [10 mol/kg]...

TABLE 3.63 The Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (CIPAH) Activities As Bioaccumulation Aquatic, Aquatic Toxicity, and Carcinogenity On Rats (Putz et al., 2012) While the EROD (ethoxyresorufm-O-deethylase) Activity Is Taken From Literature As the Relative Intensity of CIPAH-Induced Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Activity In Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells (Ohura et al., 2010)... 

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