Binders solid propellants based

A family of high performance and clean space motor/gas generators and large launch vehicle solid propellants based on poly(GlyN) binder, ammonium nitrate oxidizer and small amounts of aluminum and/or boron with optimized performance at low solids loading (without the presence of plasticizers) and also poly(GlyN) binder, ammonium nitrate oxidizer and aluminum or magnesium fuel have been reported in the literature [141, 142]. These solid propellant formulations produce essentially no HC1 or chloride ions in the exhaust and are considered eco-friendly. 

A. J., and Schoyer, H. F. R., New Solid Propellants Based on Energetic Binders and HNF, IAF-92-0633, 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Paris (1992). 

Some of the unusual properties of a solid propellant results from its basic composition. The two general categories of double-base and composite rubber binder propellants have many subcategories, but no exhaustive compilation will be attempted here. Most modem propellants consist of a deformable binder phase and a crystalline salt filler, such as ammonium perchlorate and usually a powdered metallic fuel such as aluminum. Table I gives some typical compositions for both composite rubber-based and composite double-base systems. 

Similar to the effects of Alex addition in pyrotechnics and solid propellants, replacement of conventional micron-sized A1 powder by nanosized A1 powder (Alex) increases the detonation velocities and heats of detonation of TNT/A1 formulations. The increase of VOD is more pronounced in small diameter charges, close to the critical diameter. On the contrary, n-Al powder does not increase the VOD of aluminized PBXs based on inert binders. It is very interesting to observe that the VOD of PBXs based on an energetic binder decreases on substitution of micron-sized A1 by Alex [119, 120]. Reshetov and his coworkers [121] reported in the early 1980s that the addition of Alex enhanced VOD of RDX. More recently, an increase in both VOD as well as brisance was demonstrated for a number of TNT-based tritonal and H-6 formulations containing Alex. The improvements in VOD -200-300ms1 and brisance up to 27% were observed in a number of tritonal charges on replacement of conventional or micron-sized A1 by Alex [122]. 

Solid propellant compositions which have been previously discussed all sulfer from the possibility of accidental initiation from fire, impact, electric spark, etc. Therefore, attention has turned to the development of insensitive munitions with particular emphasis on low vulnerability ammunition (LOVA). LOVA propellants contain RDX or HMX, an inert polymeric binder and a plasticizer. These composite propellants are less vulnerable to initiation than nitrocellulose-based propellants. 

J.Reinhart et al of NOL, "Nitrasol Propellants -Composite Propellant Formulations Based on a Plastisol-Nitrocellulose-Pentaerythritol Trinitrate Binder (U), Bull of the 14th Meeting of the Joint Army-Navy-Air Force Solid Propellant Group, Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring, Md(1958)(Conf)(Not used as a source of info) 1)... 

J.B. Eldridge, Solid Propellant Mixtures , USP 3951706 (1976) CA 86, 65360 (1976) [The inventor claims that by modifying a doublebase proplnt (30—50%) by addn of a castable plastisol (nitrasol) binder (50—70%), with or without oxidizer and fuel, a castable solid pro-pint having improved and controllable burning characteristics over both types of propints is formed. Thus, a mixt of NC 22.8 and ethyl centralite 1.2 is blended for 30 mins with Petrin 96 and then, successively, AP 60 and atomized A1 30g are added. To this mixt is added 90g of 30 mesh double-base proplnt termed X-12 (consisting of NC 50, NG 38, DPA 59, 2-nitro-diphenylamine 2, Pb-j3-resorcylate 2 and can-... 

In recent years, the great majority of solid rockets have utilized composite propellants. Most composite propellants are based on a solid oxidizer and a curable liquid polymeric binder. The binder also serves as fuel. Optionally, metallic fuels such as aluminum or boron may also be used.45 The propellant components are mixed together, and then the binder is cured to give the tough, flexible, elastomeric (rubbery thermoset) solid propellant required for modem missile use. An excellent source of information on the formulation of solid propellants is a report by Oberth.46... 

Modem solid propellants for rocket and missile technology have relied for quite a few decades now on composite propellants that appear pyrotechnic in their makeup. They are usually based on ammonium perchlorate (NH4CIO4) as the oxidizer. Various polybutadiene (synthetic rnbber) derivatives are conunonly used as the primary fuel, and also play a role as a binder for the compositions. Ammonium perchlorate produces 100% gas products during its thermal decomposition, and therefore is... 

A Small but important daSS of fOi mUlatiOnS comprises the Composite Solid Rocket Propellants. Composites typically contain a major amount of an oxidizer such as AP or HMX, a metal powder such as Al, a binder which is one or another type of rubber (or double-base), and up to a dozen trace ingredients such as catalysts, stabilizers, etc. There are literally hundreds of formulations, all to a degree similar and the choice comes down to specific missions, economics, and special requirements Loading of End Items. The blends and formulations described above may be loaded into their hardware in the plant where they are made, or they may be shipped to another plant for Load/... 

The third type of propellent explosive, the composite type, is a more recent development, the purpose of which is to provide rocket propellants of increased thrust, compared with the ordinary varieties. Composite propellants are based on an oxidising solid, commonly a perchlorate, together with an organic binder which both acts as fuel and gives adequate mechanical strength to the mixture. The search for even more energetic compositions continues, but because of the military importance of the... 

Solid ammo propellants are difficult to recycle as the smokeless base(s) (NC and/or NG) used in the ammo will deteriorate with age (Ref 27). Solid rocket proplnts in many instances can be recovered, as shown in Table 2. However, the polymeric binder used in solid rocket proplnts is a cross-linked mat which is insol in solvents,... 

Reaction Temperature of a Propellant Consider a solid propint containing 80% by weight ammonium perchlorate (AP) and 20% of a binder having the compn C23H2S04. Based on 1 gram-mole of oxidizer, the elemental compn of the propint is therefore ... 

---