Binary carbon compounds

Carbides. As might he expecled from its position in the periodic table, carbon forms binary compounds with the metals in which it exhibits a negative valence, and binary compounds with the non-metals in which it exhibits a positive valence. A convenient classification of the binary compounds of carbon is into ionic or salt-like carbides, intermediate carbides, interstitial carbides, and cuvalent binary carbon compounds. 

Thousands of compounds of the actinide elements have been prepared, and the properties of some of the important binary compounds are summarized in Table 8 (13,17,18,22). The binary compounds with carbon, boron, nitrogen, siUcon, and sulfur are not included these are of interest, however, because of their stabiUty at high temperatures. A large number of ternary compounds, including numerous oxyhaUdes, and more compHcated compounds have been synthesized and characterized. These include many intermediate (nonstoichiometric) oxides, and besides the nitrates, sulfates, peroxides, and carbonates, compounds such as phosphates, arsenates, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates, selenocyanates, sulfites, selenates, selenites, teUurates, tellurites, selenides, and teUurides. 

Ionic compounds consist of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) hence, ionic compounds often consist of a metal and nonmetal. The electrostatic attraction between a cation and anion results in an ionic bond that results in compound formation. Binary ionic compounds form from two elements. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are examples of binary ionic compounds. Three elements can form ternary ionic compounds. Ternary compounds result when polyatomic ions such as carbonate (C032 ), hydroxide (OH-), ammonium (NH4+), form compounds. For example, a calcium ion, Ca2+, combines with the carbonate ion to form the ternary ionic compound calcium carbonate, CaC03. Molecular compounds form discrete molecular units and often consist of a combination of two nonmetals. Compounds such as water (H20), carbon dioxide (C02), and nitric oxide (NO) represent simple binary molecular compounds. Ternary molecular compounds contain three elements. Glucose ( 12 ) is a ternary molecular compound. There are several distinct differences between ionic and molecular compounds, as summarized in Table 1.2. 

Naming binary molecular compounds requires using Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound or molecule. Prefixes are given in Table 1.4. Prefixes precede each element to indicate the number of atoms in the molecular compound. The stem of the second element takes the ide suffix. The prefix mon is dropped for the initial element that is, if no prefix is given, it is assumed that the prefix is 1. Examples of molecular compounds are carbon dioxide (C02), carbon monoxide (CO), and dinitrogen tetroxide (N204). 

CARBIDES. A binary solid compound of carbon and another element. The most familiar carbides are those of calcium, tungsten, silicon, boron, and iron (cemcntitc) Two factors have an important bearing on the properties of carbides (1) the difference in electronegativity between carbon and the second elemenl. and (2) whether the second element is a transition metal. Saltlike carbides of alkali metals are obtained by reaction with acetylene. Those ohlained from silver, copper, and mercury sails are explosive. See also Carbon and Iron Metals, Alloys, and Steels. 

An inorganic compound means, in general, a compound that does nol contain carbon atoms. Some very simple carbon compounds, such as carbon monoxide and dioxide, binary metallic carbon compounds (carbides) and carbonates, arc also included in the group of inorganic compounds. 

Many simple inorganic molecular compounds are named by using the Greek prefixes in Table D.2 to indicate the number of each type of atom present. Usually, no prefix is used if only one atom of an element is present an important exception to this rule is carbon monoxide, CO. Most of the common binary molecular compounds—molecular compounds built from two elements—have at least one element from Group 16 or 17. These elements are named second, with their endings changed to -ide ... 

Solution The first two ions are single atom anions and are called sulfide and nitride. The next two are binary ionic compounds, calcium fluoride and potassium sulfide. The polyatomic ions hydroxide and sulfate are present in sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfate. Finally, the last two compounds are covalently bonded and are called sulfur trioxide and carbon tetrachloride. 

Compounds with C—S Bonds Binary Carbon Sulfides62... 

Although binary carbon sulfides appear to be something of a curiosity at the moment, given their stability (especially compared to binary S-N compounds) and their usefulness in the synthesis of new organosulfur compounds and ligands that may be redox active, it is to be expected that their chemistry will develop rapidly over the next few years. 

Nearly all binary molecular compormds involve two nonmetals bonded together. Although many nonmetals can exhibit different oxidation numbers, their oxidation numbers are not properly indicated by Roman numerals or suffixes. Instead, elemental proportions in binary covalent compounds are indicated by using a prefix system for both elements. The Greek and Latin prefixes for one through ten are mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, and deca. The prefix mono- is omitted for both elements except in the common name for CO, carbon monoxide. We use the minimum number of prefixes needed to name a compound unambiguously. The final a in a prefix is omitted when the nonmetal stem begins with the letter o we write heptoxide, not heptaoxide. ... 

Oxidation yields lamellar anion intercalation compounds that, again, depending on the electrolyte, may be solvated. Solvated anion compounds are formed, e.g., in acids, HA (HA = solvent), and in propylene carbonate (PC) electrolytes binary anion compounds can be obtained, e.g., in SOjClF electrolytes. ... 

The table below provides information about azeotropes for 808 selected binary systems. Compounds are listed in the modified HUl order, with carbon-containing compounds following those compounds not containing carbon. In columns 1 and 2 are the molecular formulas of components 1 and 2 written in the HiU convention. In column 3 the names of the components are given, either a systematic lUPAC name or a name in ubiquitous use. Columns 4, 5, and 6 contain the azeotropic coordinates of the mixtures temperature T az, pressure Paz< and vapor-phase composition The explanation of the type of azeotrope (column 7) is given by the following codes ... 

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