Bibliographic survey

2 Bibliographic survey and theoretical approach of the oxidative back-extraction 

Several techniques have been envisaged and investigated to perform this An back-extraction. Precipitation and distillation are not suitable for the objective because precipitation leads to the recovery of An-Al intermetallic alloys [8] while distillation leads to an important volatilisation of americium. This point was easily demonstrated, performing thermodynamic calculations on Am vapour pressure with HSC Chemistry software [9]. 

Electrorefining was envisaged by ANL in the late 1990s for the treatment of U-Al fuels [10]. However, the potential of U and A1 are too close to each other in molten chloride to reach a separation by this method. Some experimental studies on the An extraction with an immiscible and distillable metal, carried out by Atomic Energy of Canada in 1956, showed that Pu and Am, dissolved in liquid Al, can be transferred into liquid Bi after contact at 800 C [11], Bi was then successfully evaporated under vacuum at 750 C. Two major drawbacks were noticed (i) the volatility of Am that contaminates the Bi condensate and (ii) the solubility of Al in Bi which contaminates the final actinide metallic product. 

Oxidation by AlCl3(g) was envisaged in the past for the purification of Al from lanthanides [12]. It consists in bubbling AlCl3(g) in liquid Al. Thermodynamic calculations, based on the equilibrium AlCl3(g)-l-An - AnCl3 -I- Al (with An = U or Pu), showed that the residual concentration of Pu in Al would thus be about 0.01 wt% after bubbling. The U decontamination would be much less efficient its concentration in Al after treatment would be about 3.5 wt%. 

The last technique surveyed is liquid-liquid oxidative extraction. The process consists in contacting liquid Al containing the actinides with a molten salt containing an oxidising agent. The actinides are transferred into the salt for a further conversion, that is to metal or to oxide, depending on the final desired state of the nuclear material. Thermodynamic predictions, based on the study of the reaction (Equation 6.3.3), taking into account the activity coefficients of the solutes in both phases, showed that this technique is not suitable in molten fluoride. 

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Direct Reduction of Iron Ore Bibliographical Survey, The Metals Society, London, 1979. 

The literature on this subject is so large that it cannot be encompassed in a brief review. N UR CG/CR-1030(1981) is a bibliographical survey of 123 references Covello, 1981 lists 148 rcler-ences. Since no risk should be tolerated if it has no benefits, most of the papers address the question "How safe is safe enough," by comparisons with acceptable risks. (In many cases these "acceptable" risks are really "tolerated" risks in that the cost of reduction does not seem to be warranted.)... 

II. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT WITH COMMENTS... 

Bibliographical Survey of the Historical Developments with Comments. 

Correlation Problem in Many-Electron Quantum Mechanics, II,. Bibliographical Survey of the Historical Developments with Comments (Yoshizumi). 2 323... 

This bibliographical survey shows the wide range of syntheses of the fluorinated difunctional compounds, whatever the position of the fluorinated substituent in the molecule. However, major efforts were developed, for example, to protect a group from hydrolysis in the case of esters protected by gera-trifluoromethyl groups. Actually, because of the electroattractive effects of the difluoromethyl groups in a position about the functions, the fluorinated polyesters and polyurethanes exhibit weak points which affect the applications of such polymers. 

Sundararajan and Marchessault (Montreal) furnish here a continuing article in the series of bibliographic surveys of crystal-structure work on polysaccharides the literature from 1976 illustrates the continuing effort still required in the understanding of even such a seemingly simple polysaccharide as cellulose. 

An enormous amount of technology is available what is needed is technology transfer. Many techniques, and variations thereof, have made the transition from the academic or industrial research laboratory to industrial practice. This development of enhancement technologies must be accelerated. In doing this, however, the corporate memory should be retained. The vast literature in the field should be pursued before expensive physical or numerical experiments are started. To facilitate this, bibliographic surveys, such as that in Ref. 1, should be continued. Also, books, such as that of Webb [386], should be consulted. 

Steuer, R. E., Gardiner, 1. R., and Gray, 1. (1996), A Bibliographic Survey of the Activities and International Nature of Multiple Criteria Decision Making, Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 195-217. 

As with most of the other sections of this chapter, the basic reference to the applications of rosin and its derivatives as components of adhesive formulations up to the mid-1980s, is the corresponding chapter by Kennedy et al. [73] of the classical Naval Store book. The major emphasis in that chapter was placed on the tackifying properties of rosin-based resins in pressure-sensitive, hot melt and sealant adhesives. Therefore, before proceeding to a critical bibliographic survey, it seems appropriate to define the concept of tack and its repercussion in the broad area of adhesion, as opposed to other contexts, like printing inks, paints and coatings. 

Lundgren, A. (2000), Theory and practice in Swedish chemical textbooks during the nineteenth century Some thoughts from a bibliographical survey, in Lundgren, A. and Bensaude-Vincent, B., ed., Communicating Chemistry Textbooks and their Audiences, 1789-1939, Science History Publications, Canton, MA, 91-118. 

M. Ehrgott and X. Gandibleux (eds.). Multiple criteria optimization State of the Art Aimotated Bibliographic Survey, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 2002. K. Deb, Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms, Wiley, Chichester, England, 2001. 

D. Mihram, Paper Deacidification A Bibliographic Survey Part I, Restaurator 1986, 7 81-98. 

A. Lienardy, A Bibliographical Survey of Mass Deacidification Methods, Restaurator 1991, 12, 75-103. 

The oxidative liquidAiquid extraction was selected, from a bibliographic survey, for investigations into actinide back-extraction from A1 matrices. A thermodynamic study aimed to determine the optimal conditions to perform the experimental study of the actinide back-extraction in chloride media. The thermodynamic predictions could be confirmed by the first experiments. These experiments lead to a better optimisation of the experimental procedure and device. 

The authors had no intention to make the book an exhaustive bibliographic survey. Some early works related to N-vinyl derivative of carbazole and indole, which were summarized later in reviews and monographs, are not included in this book. 

Ehrgott, M., Gandibleux, X. (Eds.). (2002). Multiple criteria optimization State of the art annotated bibliographic surveys., International Series in Operations Research Management Science Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publisers. 

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