Berzelius Metall

MODERN LEAD SMELTING AT THE QSL-PLANT BERZELIUS METALL IN... 

R. Piillenberg and A. Rohkohl Berzelius Metall GmbH Binsseldhammer 14 D-52224 Stolberg, Germany... 

Well prepared purple solutions have a homogeneity scarcely less than that of the crystalloidal dyestuffs. The behavior toward mercury is another evidence of the correctness of the view upheld by Berzelius. Metallic mercury dissolves gold very easily, while the gold in purple is not attacked by mercury. The electrolysis of purple solutions resembles closely that of a complex, or that of a dyestuff dissolved by an electrolyte, such as Methyl Orange. Just as in the case of the last salt dimethylamidoazobenzolsulfonic acid is deposited on the anode in crystalline form, so is purpuric acid precipitated on the anode in form of a gel. 

L. calx, lime) Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. 

L. Ruthenia, Russia) Berzelius and Osann in 1827 examined the residues left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural mountains in aqua regia. While Berzelius found no unusual metals, Osann thought he found three new metals, one of which he named ruthenium. In 1844 Klaus, generally recognized as the discoverer, showed that Osann s ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal. Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. 

Cerium was named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered in 1801. The element was discovered two years later in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and Hisinger. In 1875 Hillebrand and Norton prepared the metal. 

Lithium was recognized as a new alkali metal by J. A. Arfved.son in 1817 whilst he was working as a young assistant in J. J. Berzelius s laboratory. He noted that Li compounds were similar to those of Na and K but that the carbonate and hydroxide were much less soluble... 

In 1826 J. J. Berzelius found that acidification of solutions containing both molybdate and phosphate produced a yellow crystalline precipitate. This was the first example of a heteropolyanion and it actually contains the phos-phomolybdate ion, [PMoi204o] , which can be used in the quantitative estimation of phosphate. Since its discovery a host of other heteropolyanions have been prepared, mostly with molybdenum and tungsten but with more than 50 different heteroatoms, which include many non-metals and most transition metals — often in more than one oxidation state. Unless the heteroatom contributes to the colour, the heteropoly-molybdates and -tungstates are generally of varying shades of yellow. The free acids and the salts of small cations are extremely soluble in water but the salts of large cations such as Cs, Ba" and Pb" are usually insoluble. The solid salts are noticeably more stable thermally than are the salts of isopolyanions. Heteropoly compounds have been applied extensively as catalysts in the petrochemicals industry, as precipitants for numerous dyes with which they form lakes and, in the case of the Mo compounds, as flame retardants. 

In 1789 M. H. Klaproth examined pitchblende, thought at the time to be a mixed oxide ore of zinc, iron and tungsten, and showed that it contained a new element which he named uranium after the recendy discovered planet, Uranus. Then in 1828 J. J. Berzelius obtained an oxide, from a Norwegian ore now known as thorite he named this thoria after the Scandinavian god of war and, by reduction of its tetrachloride with potassium, isolated the metal thorium. The same method was subsequendy used in 1841 by B. Peligot to effect the first preparation of metallic uranium. 

Berzelius reported on the results of the first reduction of tantalum from K2TaF7 using metallic potassium in 1825 [574]. About thirty years later, Rose obtained sufficiently pure tantalum in an interaction between Na2TaF7 and metallic sodium [575]. The methods elaborated by Berzelius and Rose provided a basis for the development of the industrial-scale production of tantalum by the reduction of K2TaF7 using metallic sodium. 

The mean value for this triad is reasonably close to Berzelius value for bromine of 78.383. Dobereiner also obtained a triad involving some alkali metals, sodium, lithium, and potassium, which were known to share many chemical properties ... 

Berzelius A tin smelting process operated by Berzelius Metalhiitten at Duisberg-Wanheim, Germany. A mixture of oxide ore, coal, and sodium carbonate is fed continuously into a rotating tubular kiln having a constriction at the discharge end. The molten metal product collects in the sump at the end and the slag, which forms an upper layer, and flows off. 

Zirconium (Zr, [Kr]4<725s2), name and symbol from the gemstone zircon (from the Persian zargun, gold like). The element was discovered (1789) by Martin H. Klaproth, the metal first prepared (1824) by Jons Jacob Berzelius. Greyish-white metal. 

In his consideration of the nature of catalysis Berzelius had assumed the catalyst played no part in the actual reaction. Studies on nonenzyme catalysis, and especially the roles of finely divided metals, such as platinum, seemed to substantiate this—a view apparently consistent with the concept of the adsorption isotherm introduced by Langmuir (1916). 

The catalysis field began in the nineteenth century with work on heterogeneous platinum group metals from such contributors as Berzelius, Faraday, Dobereiner, Mitscherhch, Davy, Sabatier, and Ostwald [1, 2]. Iridium never held a very high place in the field, however, because it showed no special advantages. Rylander expresses this point well in his classic 1967 work on heterogeneous catalysis [3],... 

This leads to the question of who should be considered the ultimate discoverer of a chemical element Should it be the first person to describe the initial properties, the one who found the oxide or the metal, the one who separated the element or the first one to publish their results On the matter of publication, the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius published an annual review (equivalent to our present abstract service) during the early nineteenth century. Berzelius usually cited articles published in other journals, but he also reported on the work in his laboratory which had not yet been published. This enabled his assistant Carl-Gustav Mosander to receive early credit for work that Mosander chose not to formally publish until many years later after he had worked out all of the details. In the element review, we shall see that the answer to the above questions would be any of the above criteria could qualify for discovery of particular elements. 

Silicon - the atomic number is 14 and the chemical symbol is Si. The name was originally silicium because it was thought to be a metal. When this was shown to be incorrect, the name was changed to silicon, which derives from the Latin silex and silicis for flint . Amorphous silicon was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824. CiystalUne silicon was first prepared by the French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854. 

Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius Radioactive metal named for Thor, the ancient Scandinavian god of war promising as a future source of nuclear energy makes magnesium alloys heat resistant. 

The element was discovered by Klaproth in 1803 and also in the same year by Berzelius and Hisinger. It is named after the asteroid Ceres. Cerium is found in several minerals often associated with thorium and lanthanum. Some important minerals are monazite, aUanite, cerite, bastnasite, and samarskite. It is the most abundant element among aU rare-earth metals. Its abundance in the earth s crust is estimated to be 66 mg/kg, while its concentration in sea water is approximately 0.0012 microgram/L. 

Gay Lussac and Thenard in 1809 obtained very impure amorphous silicon by passing silicon tetrafluoride over heated potassium. Berzelius in 1823 prepared elemental silicon in high purity by the same method. He also obtained silicon by heating potassium fluosilicate with potassium metal. Deville produced crystalline silicon in 1854 by electrolysis of a molten mixture of impure sodium aluminum chloride containing 10% silicon and a small quantity of aluminum. 

J. Bjerrum (35) proposes to call Lewis acids for anti-bases, reserving the word acids for the species participating in Bronsted equilibria with solvated protons. Since a Brmsted acid hence contains hydrogen, many hydrogen-free anti-bases exist. Actually, Berzelius called species such as SO3 acids but for about 100 years, this word was reserved for compoimds containing hydrogen which can be replaced by metallic elements. J. Bjerrum then argues that all Lewis bases are also Bronsted bases. 

In 1803 Klaproth and independently Berzelius found at an abandoned iron ore mine at Bcustnas, likewise in Sweden, a mineral v ch received the name B2istnasite. In this mineral the researchers found new eeurths v ch they named "ochroite ecu hs" because upon heating of the mineral a yellow substance resulted. They gave the assumed metal the name cerium after the small planet Ceres. 

Th, thorium, was discovered in 1829 by Jons Jakob Berzelius, who isolated a new oxide from a recently discovered mineral which Jens Esmark had sent to him. He called the oxide thoria and the mineral thorite (ThSi04) after the Scandinavian god Thor. Berzelius subsequently made the metal by the reduction of ThF4 with Na. Th now is extracted from monazite, a phosphate of rare earths and Th. The mineral is heated in concentrated NaOH to give hydrous oxides, which are filtered out. HCl is then added to dissolve the solids and when the pH is adjusted to 3.5, Th02 precipitates and the rare earths remain in solution. The Th02 is solubilized and purified by solvent extraction. 

Berzelius warmly defended Ekeberg s claim to the discovery of this element. In the autumn of 1814 he wrote to Thomas Thomson objecting to an alteration which had been made in an English translation of one of his memoirs. Berzelius had used the word tantalum., and Thomson had evidently substituted the word columbium, whereupon Berzelius wrote, Without wishing to depreciate the merits of the celebrated Hatchett, it is nevertheless necessary to observe that tantalum and its properties in the metallic as well as in its oxidized condition were not known at all before Mr. Ekeberg. ... 

As for the name of the metal [said Berzelius], I do not think that the author of the discovery ought to count for much. For example you do not say menac-canite instead of titanium moreover Mr. Hatchett gave this name after the place where it was thought the fossil had been found now it is not good practice... 

In May, 1830, a careful comparison of vanadium and uranium was made in Berzelius laboratory. It was found that vanadium forms two series of compounds, the vanadic and the vanadous, but Berzelius and Sefstrom did not succeed in isolating the metal. 

When Roscoe investigated them he found that vanadium is a tri- and pentavalent element of the phosphorus group. He also discovered that what Berzelius had taken for the metal was really the mononitride, VN, and that most of the vanadium compounds studied by the Swedish chemists had contained oxygen. 

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