Bend alignment

To obtain the bend alignment structure of the tz cell, a voltage above the splay-to-bend transition voltage must be apphed. The transition from splay to bend takes time, typically, in the order of tens of seconds. The transition should be made faster than, say, one second. 

The polymer discotic material (PDM) developed by Fuji Photo Film has a hybrid alignment, which mimics half of the bend alignment structure of the OCB cell. In contrast to the discotic film developed for TN LCDs, the azimuthal alignment direction of the PDM layer is oriented at 45° to the transmission axis of polarizer, and the in-plane retardation of the PDM layer compensates for the in-plane retardation of the on-state OCB cell. The total in-plane retardation of the PDM layer should be the same as that of the on-state OCB cell so that the voltage-on state becomes black at a voltage lower than 5 Vj s. 

Y. Yamaguchi, T. Miyashita, and T. Uchida, Wide-viewing-angle display mode for the active-matrix LCD using bend-alignment liquid crystal cell, SID Tech. Digest 24, 277 (1993). 

Mechanism of fast response and recover in bend alignment cell. Figures 3 and 5, S. Onda, T. Miyashira and T. Uchida, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, 331, p. 383 (1999). Reproduced by permission of Taylor Francis (http //www.tandf. co.uk). 

While as usual the Cr-C=N connection is almost linear (175-177 ), the C=N-Mn unit is bent with angles of 160-162 . This bending aligns the manganese ions towards the molecular Cj axis. It is important to note that the crystal structure contains Mn6Cr + with two different orientations. The angle between their pseudo... 

If LCP is used to make a retardation film, then one is not restricted to retardation films with a uniform optical axis. It is possible in fact to have twisted alignment, bend alignment, hybrid alignment, etc., in the same manner as ordinary LCs. After... 

Here the alignment layer is patterned so that in one subpixel, the LC is in the bend alignment, and it is a TN cell in the other subpixel. By adjusting the retardation of the bend cell, it can be seen that this display can function as a reflective display as well as a transmissive display at the same voltages. 

Plain-end pipe used for socket-weld joints (Fig. 10-126) is available in all sizes, but fittings and valves with socket-weld ends are limited to sizes 3 in and smaller, for which the extra cost of the socket is outweighed by much easier alignment and less skill needed in welding. The joint is not so resistant to bending stress as the butt-welded joint but is otherwise equal, except that for some fluids the crevice between the pipe and the socket may promote corrosion. ANSI B16.il—1973,... 

Because of the analytical complications involving the stiffnesses Ai6, A26, D g, and D26, a laminate is sometimes desired that does not have these stiffnesses. Laminates can be made with orthotropic layers that have principal material directions aligned with the laminate axes. If the thicknesses, locations, and material properties of the laminae are symmetric about the middle surface of the laminate, there is no coupling between bending and extension. A general example is shown in Table 4-2. Note that the material property symmetry requires equal [Q j], of the two layers that are placed at the same distance above and below the middle surface. Thus, both the orthotropic material properties, [Qjjlk. of the layers and the angle of the principal material directions to the laminate axes (i.e., the orientation of each layer) must be identical. 

As an aid to understanding the deflection behavior in Figure 5-36, the normalized extensional, bending-extension coupling, and bending stiffnesses are plotted versus the number of layers in Figure 5-. The stiffnesses in the x-direction (with which most fibers are aligned), and... 

Pagano studied cylindrical bending of symmetric cross-ply laminated composite plates [6-21]. Each layer is orthotropic and has principal material directions aligned with the plate axes. The plate is infinitely long in the y-direction (see Figure 6-16). When subjected to a transverse load, p(x), that is, p is independent of y, the plate deforms into a cylinder ... 

Swivel joints The axis of rotation of the swivel must be accurately aligned on both sides of the joint and the joint should have lateral freedom and be free from side bending moments. 

As shown in Fig. 3.24, the outer contours of the hN NHO and onh NBO exhibit the expected cylindrical symmetry about the nominal hybrid direction vector marked by the dashed line. However, the inner contours are increasingly directed toward the dotted line of nuclear centers. The lack of overall cylindrical symmetry is best seen in the NBO plot of Fig. 3.24(b), where it can be seen that the H nucleus sits accurately in the pointy inner contours which are closely aligned with the dotted line of nuclear centers rather than the dashed line of nominal hybrid direction. This example illustrates that the optimized NHOs are free to adopt complex non-cylindrical shapes in which the apparent directionality varies with distance from the nucleus. Thus, the 3.9° bending does not correspond to true misalignment of the hybrid and nuclear directions at the actual bond distance, but rather reflects the fact that inner hybrid contours are slightly skewed with respect to the nominal average direction attributed to the NHO. That is, the hybrid itself (rather than the bond) is slightly bent. 

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