Batteries and lithium-ion

This section reports on the current state of knowledge on nonaqueous electrolytes for lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The term electrolyte in the current text refers to an ion-conducting solution which consists of a solvent S and a salt, here generally a lithium salt. Often 1 1-salts of the LiX type are preferred for reasons given below only a few l 2-salts Li2X have attained some importance for batteries, and 1 3-salts Li3X are not in use. 

Y. Sudou, H. Suzuki, S. Nagami, K. Ikuta, T. Yamamoto, S. Okijima, S. Suzuki, and H. Ueshima, Separator for battery and lithium ion battery using the same, US Patent 7183 020, assigned to Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Denso Corporation (Aichi, JP), February 27, 2007. 

Despite the fundamental similarity of sodium ion batteries and lithium ion batteries, they differ considerably in electrode materials. The materials well suitable for reversible intercalation of lithium do not allow reversible intercalation of sodium. This difference is primarily because of a difference in the size of sodium and lithium ions and is applicable to the materials of both negative and positive electrodes. 

May this new edition of the Handbook of Battery Materials be a useful guide into the complex and rapidly growing field of battery materials. Beyond that, it is my personal wish and hope that the readers of this book may also take the chance to review Prof Besenhard s work. Jurgen Otto Besenhard has been truly one of the fathers of lithium batteries and lithium ion batteries. 

Electrolytes based on solvent mixtures of ethylene carbonate (EC) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC) are commonly used for lithium ion batteries in combination with "4 V" cathodes (LiCoOz. LiNiOz, or LiMnzOJ because of the high oxidation potential of the solvents. This section reviews the recent (1999-2001) studies on liquid eleetrolytes for lithium batteries and lithium ion batteries. The studies appearing before 1999 are summarized in other books [1-3]. This chapter focuses on the solvents for electrolytes. Reactivity of salts and solvents are also discussed in Chapters 1, 11, and 13 of this book ionic liquids are discussed in Ch ter 6. 

As a general classification, we may assume that there are two main types of batteries, that is, lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries. The former use a lithium metal anode, while the conventional configuration of the latter consists of a graphite anode, a lithium cobalt oxide cathode and a liquid, organic carbonate electrolyte [4]. There are various alternative configurations. 

In this chapter, we will highlight the improvements made possible in some of the battery systems and, in particular, lead-acid, nickel-based batteries and lithium-ion batteries (LlBs) through nanostructural design of electrode materials. 

These batteries have vanadium oxide as the active material of the positive electrode, niobium oxide for the active material of the negative electrode, and an organic solvent for the electrolyte. Lithium ions enter the vanadium oxide from the niobium oxide during discharge, and lithium ions enter the niobium oxide from the vanadium... 

Carbon materials which have the closest-packed hexagonal structures are used as the negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries carbon atoms on the (0 0 2) plane are linked by conjugated bonds, and these planes (graphite planes) are layered. The layer interdistance is more than 3.35 A and lithium ions can be intercalated and dein-tercalated. As the potential of carbon materials with intercalated lithium ions is low,... 

It is now well established that in lithium batteries (including lithium-ion batteries) containing either liquid or polymer electrolytes, the anode is always covered by a passivating layer called the SEI. However, the chemical and electrochemical formation reactions and properties of this layer are as yet not well understood. In this section we discuss the electrode surface and SEI characterizations, film formation reactions (chemical and electrochemical), and other phenomena taking place at the lithium or lithium-alloy anode, and at the Li. C6 anode/electrolyte interface in both liquid and polymer-electrolyte batteries. We focus on the lithium anode but the theoretical considerations are common to all alkali-metal anodes. We address also the initial electrochemical formation steps of the SEI, the role of the solvated-electron rate constant in the selection of SEI-building materials (precursors), and the correlation between SEI properties and battery quality and performance. 

JM. Ue, S. Mori in Rechargeable Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries (Eds. S. Megahead, B. M. Barnett, L. Xie), The Electrochemical Society Proceeding Series, PV 94-28, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 1995, p.440. 

Yufit V, Nathan M, Golodnitsky D, Peled E (2003) Thin-film lithium and lithium-ion batteries with electrochemically deposited molybdenum oxysulfide cathodes. J Power Sources 122 169-173... 

In battery applications, new hthium ion batteries called lithium ion polymer batteries (or more simply but misleadingly, lithium polymer batteries) work with a full matrix of ionically conducting polymer, this polymer being present inside the porous electrodes and as a separator between the electrodes. They are offered in attractive flat shapes for mobile applications (mobile phones, notebooks). 

E—Lithium Lithium anode Iodine, sulfur dioxide, thionyl chloride, and iron disulfide Secondary Lithium-iron disulfide batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and lithium polymer batteries... 

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