Batch distillation schematic

The batch distillation operation can be schematically represented as a State Task Network (STN). A state (denoted by a circle) represents a specified material, and a task (rectangular box) represents the operational task (distillation) which transforms the input state(s) into the output state(s) (Kondili et al., 1988 Mujtaba and Macchietto, 1993). For example, Figure 3.1 shows a single distillation task producing a main-cut 1 (Di) and a bottom residue product (Bj) from an initial charge (B0). States are characterized by the amount and composition of the mixture residing in them. Tasks are characterized by operational attributes such as then-duration, the reflux ratio profile used during the task, etc. 

Figure 3.11. Schematic of Batch Distillation Column used by Greaves et al.

The shortcut model is developed based on the assumption that batch distillation operation can be represented by a series of continuous distillation operation of short duration and employs modified Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) shortcut model of continuous distillation (Diwekar and Madhavan, 1991a,b Sundaram and Evans, 1993a,b). Starting with an initial charge (B0, xB0) at time f=fo and for a small interval of time At = t, - t0, the batch distillation column conditions at to and ts is schematically shown in Figure 4.1 (Galindez and Fredenslund, 1988). 

All the formulations are presented with reference to batch distillation operation schematically represented by a STN. Figure 5.1 shows a single distillation task i... 

The batch distillation system schematic shown in Figure 17.1 consists of a reboiler, a rectifying column, a condenser, and a series of receivers. The plant is piped so that each product may be directed to any one of the receivers. 

Figure 1.3 shows a schematic of the batch distillation process for the separation of a volatile compound from a binary liquid mixture. It is heated in the bottom still to generate vapors, which condense at the top to yield distillate having a higher concentration of a the volatile compound. A part of the distillate is withdrawn as product while the rest is recycled to the still. An optimal control problem is to maximize the production of distillate of a desired purity over a fixed time duration by controlling the distillate production rate with time (Converse and Gross, 1963). 

Figure 9-2. Multistage batch distillation (A) schematic, (B) photograph of packaged batch...

Figure 8.1.34. Batch distillation with reflux in a multiplate column, (a) Schematic of the device with total condensation, liquid reflwc and distillate product, (b) McCabe-Thiele diagram for constant reflux ratio with enriching section operating lines for three times, t = 0, t = tj, t = t2.

Figure 5.233. Schematic of the semi-batch steam distillation.

The separation operation called distillation utilizes vapor and liquid phases at essentially the same temperature and pressure for the coexisting zones. Various kinds of devices such as random or structured packings and plates or trays are used to bring the two phases into intimate contact. Trays are stacked one above the other and enclosed in a cylindrical shell to form a column. Packings are also generally contained in a cylindrical shell between hold-down and support plates. The column may be operated continuously or in batch mode depending on a number of factors such as scale and flexibility of operations and solids content of feed. A typical tray-type continuous distillation column plus major external accessories is shown schematically in Fig. 13-1. 

The batch rectifier shown schematically in Eig. 13-119 is by far the most common configuration of equipment. Several alternative special-purpose configurations have been studied and offer potential advantages in particular applications. Also see Doherty ancl Malone Conceptual Design of Distillation Systems, McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 407-409, 417- 19). 

The initial process was a batch reaction of sodium with potassium chloride to produce NaK, which was later fractionated by distillation to produce pure potassium. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the gas-fired reaction vessel, the air-cooled condenser, the salt trap, and the sodium-potassium collector. The... 

A schematic diagram of the PMR utilizing DCMD is shown in Fig. 21,16. The hybrid system was applied for removal of different dyes from water. The experimental setup was a typical installation for DCMD. The only modification was the incorporation of a UV-A lamp above the feed tank. Thus, the feed tank fulfilled also a role as a photoreactor, in which the photocata-lytic degradation took place. The process was conducted in batch mode. The suspension of a photocatalyst in the treated water was pumped from the feed tank (volume of 3 dm ) using a peristaltic pump through the heater to the capillary PP membrane module. At the same time distillate was pumped through the cooler to the membrane module. The warm feed flowed inside the capillaries, whereas the cold distillate flowed outside the capillaries. Water vapor and volatile compounds present in the warm feed were transferred through the pores of the MD membrane and then condensed/... 

The batch extrusion process, which produces POFs in a completely closed system from the distillation of a monomer by fiber drawing, was developed by Kaino et al. [1]. Figure 5.2 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus. A purified monomer is placed in a monomer flask, and an initiator and a chain-transfer agent are placed in another flask. Both flasks are sealed and evacuated. After freeze-pump-thaw cycles, the monomer and the mixture of the initiator and chain-transfer agent are distilled into the polymerization reactor. The reactor is heated at a certain temperature for a period adequate to fully polymerize the... 

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