Basting

Hidalgo-Alvarez R, Martin A, Fernandez A, Bastes D, Martinez F and de las Nieves F J 1996 Electro kinetic properties, colloidal stability and aggregation kinetics of polymer colloids Adv. Colloid Interface Sc/. 67 1-118... 

Alternate beef and shrimp on skewers. Mix the peanut oil, soy sauce and lime juice in a bowl to use a basting sauce. On a nice, hot coai or wood grill, cook the k-bobs until medium rare (or to taste) brushing them often with the basting liquid. Put aside and keep warm. 

Vegetable fibers are classified according to their source ia plants as follows (/) the bast or stem fibers, which form the fibrous bundles ia the inner bark (phloem or bast) of the plant stems, are often referred to as soft fibers for textile use (2) the leaf fibers, which mn lengthwise through the leaves of monocotyledonous plants, are also referred to as hard fibers and (J) the seed-hair fibers, the source of cotton (qv), are the most important vegetable fiber. There are over 250,000 species of higher plants however, only a very limited number of species have been exploited for commercial uses (less than 0.1%). The commercially important fibers are given ia Table 1 (1,2). 

China jute Abutilon Bast or soft fibers Abutilon theophrasti China... 

Fig. 1. Typical longitudinal section of bast fiber showing very long fiber strands composed of many ultimate fibers (see Table 3 for dimensions).

World markets for vegetable fibers have been steadily declining in recent years, mainly as a result of substitution with synthetic materials. Jute has traditionally been one of the principal bast fibers (toimage basis) sold on the world market however, the precipitous decline in jute exports by India (Fig. 2) indicate the decreasing market demand for this fiber that is vitally important to the economies of India (West Bengal), Bangladesh, and Pakistan. 

Fiber Dimensions. Except for the seed-hair fibers, the vegetable fibers of bast or leaf origins are multiceUed (Fig. 1) and are used as strands ... 

Among the bast textile fibers, the density is close to 1.5 g/cm, or that of cellulose itself, and they are denser than polyester, as shown iu Table 5. Moisture regain (absorbency) is highest iu jute at 14%, whereas that of polyester is below 1%. The bast fibers are typically low iu elongation and recovery from stretch. Ramie fiber has a particularly high fiber length/width ratio. 

Table 5. Textile-Associated Properties of Bast Fibers Compared to Polyester ...

The microfibrils iu vegetable fibers are spiral and parallel to one another iu the cell wall. The spiral angles iu flax, hemp, ramie, and other bast fibers are lower than cotton, which accounts for the low extensibiUty of bast fibers. 

Retting. The removal of the bast fibers from bark and woody stem parts is promoted by a biological treatment called retting (rotting). This is an enzymatic or bacterial action on the pectinous matter of the stem. After retting, the bundles are dried iu fields. Retting may be carried out iu several ways. 

Fig. 3. Cross sections (500x) of bast fibers (a), fiax (b), hemp (c), jute (d), kenaf and (e), ramie.

Kenaf and Roselle. These closely related bast fibers are derived from Hibiscus cannibinus and H sabdariffa (mallow family, Malvaceae), respectively. The fibers have other local names. Kenaf is grown for production in the People s Repubflc of China, Egypt, and regions of the former USSR roseUe is produced in India and Thailand. Plantation-grown kenaf is capable of growing from seedlings to 5 m at maturity in five months. It is reported to yield about 6—10 tons of dry matter per acre, nine times the yield of wood (13). 

Abaca. The abaca fiber is obtained from the leaves of the banana-like plant (same genus) Musa textilis (banana family, Musaceae). The fiber is also called Manila hemp from the port of its first shipment, although it has no relationship with hemp, a bast fiber. The mature plant has 12—20 stalks growing from its rhizome root system the stalks are 2.6—6.7 m tall and 10—20 cm thick at the base. The stalk has leaf sheaths that expand iato leaves 1—2.5 m long, 10—20 cm wide, and 10 mm thick at the center the fibers are ia the outermost layer. The plant produces a crop after five years, and 2—4 stalks can be harvested about every six months. 

Phormium. The Phormium tenax plant yields a long, light-colored, hard fiber also known as New Zealand hemp or flax, although it has none of the bast fiber characteristics. The plant is a perennial of the Agavaceae with leaves up to 4 m long and 10 cm wide. The fibers are recovered by mechanical decortication. 

Leaf fibers Bast fibers Seed, fmit, and other... 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

The environment of a hot gas expander is partieularly harsh due to eatalyst fines and, therefore, some eompromise on instrumentation and test aeeuraey may be neeessary. The following speeifieation is intended to determine the baste requirements that should be eonsidered in any test. Test aeeuraey ean be determined onee the aetual plant eonfigura-tion is determined. 

The troubleshooting proeess—how easy it is to troubleshoot a maehine, how often it needs to be done, and so forth—depends largely on the type of maintenanee philosophy applied during the maehine s operational life. This baste philosophy affeets how often the maehine must be monitored. 

This is poor risk management. Applied to a turboexpander in eritieal serviee it translates into bad business praetiee. This segment will deseribe three baste strategies appropriate for turboexpanders (and indeed all rotating maehinery). The ehoiee of strategy should not be left to the manufaeturer. It needs to fit the operator s speeifie appli-eation and eomfort level. The manufaeturer s resourees and teehnieal expertise should be used to support the deeision proeess by providing relevant information. 

Compounds tend to be eovalent. Metals form eomplex ions and their oxides are only weakly baste. Mereury forms no hydride. 

Vernon, H. M. (1948). An investigation of the factors concerned in the causation of indnstriai accidents. In Baste Principles of Ventilating and Heating. T. Bedford, Lewis Co., p. 346,... 

Klaassen, C. D., Ed. (1996). Casarett and DouU s Toxicology The Baste Science of Poisons. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

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