Basswood

A comprehensive study of the properties of acetylated wood was undertaken by the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, and included an investigation of the mechanical properties of acetylated wood (Tarkow etal., 1946). The property changes were not significant, but there was some variation between species. For example, Sitka spruce and basswood exhibited increases in strength and MOE upon acetylation to about 20 % WPG, whereas yellow birch showed a decrease in these properties at 16 % WPG. 

In the United States, woods which have been used for tight cooperage include white oak, red oak, chestnut oak, red or sweet gum, sugar maple, yellow or sweet birch, white ash, Douglas fir, beech, black cherry, sycamore, redwood, spruce, bald cypress, elm, and basswood (2, 3, 4). In Europe, cooperage for wine or brandy has been made from... 

Basswood Small, hardwood type Significant, strong peaks Significant... 

Figure 2. Infrared spectrum of basswood compared to that of Indian hemp. Marked peaks are those...

Considerable variation in the amount of transverse and longitudinal parenchyma exists among hardwood species. For example, basswood has approximately the same as softwoods, that is about 10%, while some oak species approach k0% parenchyma. As in softwoods, the parenchyma are usually brick-shaped cells although some variations of this shape occurs. The rays, composed of transverse parenchyma, range from one to thirty-plus cells wide. The ray illustrated in Figure 18 is seven cells wide. Thus the higher parenchyma volume is due to wider rays and the additional presence of axial parenchyma which is rather rare in softwood species. 

Figure 4. Temperature-time curves. Effects of varying concentrations of Vazo catalyst on the polymerization exotherm of basswood-MMA...

Figure 5. Fraction of total change with time for untreated basswood...

Figure 6. Fraction of total weight change with time for basswood treated with t-butyl...

Table IV however, shows that the sapwood is filled to a much greater extent than the heartwood for six of the eight species. This is contrary to what would be assumed from the measured void volume. The sugar maple and the basswood are the two exceptions there is essentially the same retention of polymer in the sapwood and heartwood. The heartwood probably has less of the voids filled with polymer, because of organic deposits and tyloses, which block the penetration of the monomer into the capillaries.

TABLE V, - Summary of Test Results For Treated and Untreated Basswood... 

Blasting Paper. Coat unsized paper with a hot mixture of 11 drachms of ferrocyauide of potassium dissolved in 34 pints of water, 11 ounces of basswood charcoal, 11 ounces of refined saltpetre, 24 ounces of potassium chlorate, and 64 drachms of wheat starch, stirred to a paste with 14 ounces of... 

Chemical Reactions. Perform the same phenolics test with twigs of both jnvenile and adult growth forms of the same species. Use whatever species are available in your area aspen, cottonwood, red oak, willow, basswood, ash, or others. Compare the color reaction in jnvenile shoots with those in shoots of the adnlt growth form. 

Boughs of deciduous trees typically produce adventitious shoots when browsed or cut down. These include species of the genera Populus, Salix, Tilia, and others. In our experience. Eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides) and American basswood (T. americana) give good results in terms of species similarities and differences. 

Cottonwood juv Cottonwood adult Basswood juvenile Basswood adult... 

Spiral Thickening s, These structures are common in the vessels of many hardwoods (e.g., maple, cherry, basswood, buckeye, southern magnolia, and madrone). The particular form is valuable to the wood anatomist for species identification, but the presence or absence of spirals has no apparent effect on wood behavior (2). 

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