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Basic principles, applications

In this chapter we look first at an important class of alloys designed to resist corrosion the stainless steels. We then examine a more complicated problem that of protecting the most advanced gas turbine blades from gas attack. The basic principle applicable to both cases is to coat the steel or the blade with a stable ceramic usually Cr203 or AI2O3. But the ways this is done differ widely. The most successful are those which produce a ceramic film which heals itself if damaged - as we shall now describe. [Pg.219]

A. Reisman, Phase Equilibria, Basic Principles, Applications, and Experimental Techniques, Academic Press, New York, 1970 H. E. Stanley, Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, Oxford University Press, New York, 1971 J. R. Cunningham and D. K. Jones, eds.. Experimental Results for Phase Equilibria and Pure Component Properties, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 1991 S. Malanowski, Modelling Phase Equilibria Thermodynamic Background and Practical Tools, Wiley, New York, 1992 J. M. Prausnitz, R. N. Lichtenthaler, and E. G. de Azevedo, Molecular Thermodynamics of Eluid-Phase Equilibria, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999. [Pg.529]

The classification for supply of medicinal products for human use to the public varied appreciably from one Member State to another, whereas medicinal products sold without prescription in certain Member States could be obtained only on medical prescription in others. Council Directive 92/26/EEC Concerning the classification for the supply of medicinal products for human use was adopted as an initial step towards harmonising the basic principles applicable to the classification for the supply of medicinal products in the Community or in the Member States concerned. The relevant articles in Directive 2001/83/EC are 70-75. [Pg.521]

In the applications of gas-solid flows, measurements of particle mass fluxes, particle concentrations, gas and particle velocities, and particle aerodynamic size distributions are of utmost interest. The local particle mass flux is typically determined using the isokinetic sampling method as the first principle. With the particle velocity determined, the isokinetic sampling can also be used to directly measure the concentrations of airborne particles. For flows with extremely tiny particles such as aerosols, the particle velocity can be approximated as the same as the flow velocity. Otherwise, the particle velocity needs to be measured independently due to the slip effect between phases. In most applications of gas-solid flows, particles are polydispersed. Determination of particle size distribution hence becomes important. One typical instrument for the measurement of particle aerodynamic size distribution of particles is cascade impactor or cascade sampler. In this chapter, basic principles, applications, design and operation considerations of isokinetic sampling and cascade impaction are introduced. [Pg.9]

Eleven years later, Houk and Yamaguchi (1984, p. 442) stated that, with respect to FMO analysis of regioselectivity and reactivity for diazonium betaines, it had not yet been necessary to change this description in any substantial way . We agree, if this statement refers to basic principles (application of frontier orbital concepts), but... [Pg.215]

The systematic lUPAC system in its simplest form operates under a few basic principles. Application of these rules results in common names in simple cases that are familiar to students of inorganic and organic chemistry. Eor the purposes of this contribution, our focus will be on organic chemicals. The following is representative of lUPAC rules ... [Pg.22]

Introduction Basic Principles Application Issues Conclusion Defining... [Pg.429]

Yablonsky, G.S., Olea, M., Marin, G.B., 2005. Temporal analysis of products basic principles, applications, and theory. J. Catal. 216, 120-134. [Pg.157]

A. Reisman, Phase Equilibria, Basic Principles, Applications and Experimental Techniques , Academic ftess. New York, 1970. [Pg.47]

General hydrodynamic theory for liquid penetrant testing (PT) has been worked out in [1], Basic principles of the theory were described in details in [2,3], This theory enables, for example, to calculate the minimum crack s width that can be detected by prescribed product family (penetrant, excess penetrant remover and developer), when dry powder is used as the developer. One needs for that such characteristics as surface tension of penetrant a and some characteristics of developer s layer, thickness h, effective radius of pores and porosity TI. One more characteristic is the residual depth of defect s filling with penetrant before the application of a developer. The methods for experimental determination of these characteristics were worked out in [4]. [Pg.613]

Schwelger A 1991 Pulsed electron spin resonance spectroscopy basic principles, techniques, and examples of applications Angew. Chem. Int. Edn Engl. 30 265-92... [Pg.1589]

To become familiar with the application of the basic principles of the model building process by means of calculating log P and log 5 values... [Pg.487]

A. R. Leach, Molecular Modelling Principles and Applications Longman, Essex (1996). H.-D. Holtje, G. Folkers, T. Bierer, W. Sippl, D. Rognan, Molecular Modeling—Basic Principles and Applications John Wiley Sons, New York (1996). [Pg.298]

Due to the vibrant refrigerant issue it will be a cnaUenge for eveiy engineer to find the best solution for the particular application, but basic principles are the same. Good refrigerant shouldbe ... [Pg.1124]

Within these basic principles there are many types of electric motors. Each has its own individual operating characteristics peculiarly suited to specific drive applications. Equations (29-1) through (29-9), presented in Table 29-1, describe the general operating characteristics of alternating-current motors. When several types are suitable, selection is based on initial installed cost and operating costs (including maintenance and consideration of rehability). [Pg.2482]

The abundance of a trace element is often too small to be accurately quantihed using conventional analytical methods such as ion chromatography or mass spectrometry. It is possible, however, to precisely determine very low concentrations of a constituent by measuring its radioactive decay properties. In order to understand how U-Th series radionuclides can provide such low-level tracer information, a brief review of the basic principles of radioactive decay and the application of these radionuclides as geochronological tools is useful. " The U-Th decay series together consist of 36 radionuclides that are isotopes (same atomic number, Z, different atomic mass, M) of 10 distinct elements (Figure 1). Some of these are very short-lived (tj j 1 -nd are thus not directly useful as marine tracers. It is the other radioisotopes with half-lives greater than 1 day that are most useful and are the focus of this chapter. [Pg.35]

W. Heiland. Electron Fisc. Applic. 17, 1974. Covers further basic principles of ISS. [Pg.525]

The basic principle of wet collectors is to wet the contaminant particles m order to remove them from the gas stream. There is a wide range in scrubber design, cost, and performance." " " Because of this wide variability, scrubbers must be carefully matched to specific applications. [Pg.1244]

The discussion of fracture mechanics will be divided in two parts. First, basic principles of fracture mechanics will be described. Second, the application of fracture mechanics concepts to composite materials will be discussed. In both parts, the basic approach is that of Wu [6-12],... [Pg.339]

Composite materials have many distinctive characteristics reiative to isotropic materials that render application of linear elastic fracture mechanics difficult. The anisotropy and heterogeneity, both from the standpoint of the fibers versus the matrix, and from the standpoint of multiple laminae of different orientations, are the principal problems. The extension to homogeneous anisotropic materials should be straightfor-wrard because none of the basic principles used in fracture mechanics is then changed. Thus, the approximation of composite materials by homogeneous anisotropic materials is often made. Then, stress-intensity factors for anisotropic materials are calculated by use of complex variable mapping techniques. [Pg.343]

Basic requirements applicable to all management systems Management responsibility Quality system principles... [Pg.84]

For the separation of amino acids, the applicability of this principle has been explored. For the separation of racemic phenylalanine, an amphiphilic amino acid derivative, 1-5-cholesteryl glutamate (14) has been used as a chiral co-surfactant in micelles of the nonionic surfactant Serdox NNP 10. Copper(II) ions are added for the formation of ternary complexes between phenylalanine and the amino acid cosurfactant. The basis for the separation is the difference in stability between the ternary complexes formed with d- or 1-phenylalanine, respectively. The basic principle of this process is shown in Fig. 5-17 [72]. [Pg.145]

We shall first review the basic principles of VASP and than describe exemplary applications to alloys and compounds (a) the calculation of the elastic and dynamic properties of a metallic compound (CoSi2), (b) the surface reconstruction of a semiconducting compound (SiC), and (c) the calculation of the structural and electronic properties of K Sbi-j, Zintl-phases in the licpiid state. [Pg.70]

Many operations in petrochemical plants require the absorption of components from gas streams into lean oils or solvents. The resultant rich oil is then stripped or denuded of the absorbed materials. The greatest use of this operation utilizes hydrocarbon materials, but the basic principles are applicable to other systems provided adequate equilibrium data are available. [Pg.108]

The basic principles of rotary drilling defined for onshore operations are also applicable to offshore operations. The primary difference offshore is that a stable, self-contained platform must be provided for the drilling equipment. Communication with a well through possibly thousands of feet of water provides for mechanical as well as procedural differences, primarily in well control. Onshore technology can be applied to offshore operations in many instances on bottom-supported rigs, but the use of floating vessels has resulted in the development of new technology tailored to the offshore environment. [Pg.1363]

An understanding of the basic principles of the science of metallic corrosion is clearly vital for corrosion control, and as knowledge of the subject advances the application of scientific principle rather than an empirical approach may be used for such purposes as the selection of corrosion inhibitors, formulation of corrosion-resisting alloys, etc. [Pg.14]

Although the basic principles of electroplating remain unchanged, the extent of development and variety of application have widened substantially. In this section some notable developments will be cited. [Pg.376]

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat, and the practical application is to produce or maintain temperatures below the ambient. The basic principles are those of thermodynamics, and these principles as relevant to the general uses of refrigeration are outlined in this opening chapter. [Pg.1]

The concentration of a solute has a considerable effect on the viscosity of the fluid and so on the surface convective resistance to heat flow. There is little published data on these effects, so applications need to be checked from basic principles. Industrial alcohol (comprising ethyl alcohol with a statutory addition of methyl alcohol to render it poisonous) may be used as a secondary refrigerant, either at 100% concentration or mixed with water. The fluid has a low viscosity and good heat transfer, but is nowlittle used on account of its toxicity and the fire risk in high concentrations. Other nonfreeze heat transfer fluids are used in specialist trades. [Pg.151]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.47 , Pg.97 , Pg.135 , Pg.184 , Pg.185 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.45 , Pg.92 , Pg.131 , Pg.181 ]




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