Barriers to entry

Many in the field of analytical chemistry have found it difficult to apply chemometrics to their work. The mathematics can be intimidating, and many of the techniques use abstract vector spaces which can seem counterintuitive. This has created a "barrier to entry" which has hindered a more rapid and general adoption of chemometric techniques. 

So, we have crossed into the formerly mysterious world of factor spaces. In doing so, we have discovered that the barrier to entry was not a brick wall, but merely a threshold after all. 

These mechanisms for the synthesis of glycine present a partial barrier to the movement of FA carbons into this molecule, the most abimdant AA in collagen. On the other hand, proline is synthesized from a-keto glutarate which can be freely derived from either carbohydrates or FAs thus the synthesis of pro line does not present a barrier to entry ofFA-derived carbons into collagen. 

A tamper-resistant package is defined as one having an indicator or barrier to entry, which if breached or missing, can reasonably be expected to provide... 

The heavy investment in R D, together with the increase in the development cost of a new product as the result of the restrictions introduced by the regulation system as regards safety and effectiveness, make for a high degree of concentration in the sector, as these factors act as barriers to entry. The... 

First, the pharmaceutical market failures mentioned above may be empirically inconsequential, which may either render their regulation unnecessary or make it advisable to use more flexible price control policies. For example, justifications for regulation that are based on the virtual absence of competition seem weak when one observes markets with products whose patent has expired. When a patent expires barriers to entry should disappear, since the composition of the active ingredient becomes public, and other companies should not have too many problems to reproduce the production process. The reasons brandished for price regulation when any company can manufacture a generic to compete with the brand product find no justification in theory. 

In recent years in some developed countries, the requisite of presenting economic evaluation (that is, pharmacoeconomic) studies of new dmgs has been introduced alongside the existing one of clinical trials. These studies have to provide proof of their efficiency (or cost-effectiveness) as a condition for the public financing of the new product. These studies improve information and market transparency and may help to make competition keener, but like the earlier requirements regarding effectiveness and safety, they constitute an additional cost factor and as such raise further barriers to entry. 

Scott Morton, F. M. 2000. Barriers to Entry Brand Advertising, and Generic Entry in the U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry. International Journal of Industrial Organization 18(7) 1085-1104. 

If competition was to be introduced in a natural monopoly, the transportation system owner may create technical or economic barriers to entry for potential competitors. If a competitor attempts to enter the existing market by constructing a new pipeline, the incumbent transportation system owner will have the option of increasing the throughput and reducing the tariff until it eliminates potential willingness to construct a new competing pipeline, provided there is excess capacity in the system. 

In planning, the unseen market competitors are rarely featured as drivers in a market yet as barriers to entry they form sometimes insurmountable hurdles. Distraction, which is given negligible attention when compared to direct competition, occurs in the external market because people are overwhelmed with information. 

Subcutaneous injection of rabbits with aluminum chloride daily for 28 days was associated with significant accumulation of aluminum in bone, followed in order by significantly increased aluminum concentrations in renal cortex, renal medulla, liver, testes, skeletal muscle, heart, brain white matter, hippocampus, and plasma (Du Val et al. 1986). Because the brain tissue of treated rabbits had the lowest aluminum concentrations of the tissues evaluated, the authors suggested that there was a partial blood-brain barrier to entry of aluminum. 

More than 160 years since the technology was first demonstrated, fuel cells finally appear to be close to achieving the levels of cost and performance needed for success in the commercial marketplace. Nevertheless, the early markets for stationary fuel cells are smaller and less attractive than widely perceived, and the primary market is filled with multiple competitors and barriers to entry. Should high-temperature fuel cells, especially sofcs, achieve the targets that are currently the focus of massive public and private r d, they could by themselves usher in a fuel cell economy. 

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