Barrels per day

The process capability for FPSOs is up to some 100,000 barrels per day, with storage capacity up to 800,000bbls. 

The complexity of problems that can be handled by commercially available programs is illustrated in Reference 15. A 15,900 m° (100,000 barrels) per day cmde unit consisting of an atmospheric and vacuum cmde column, two heaters, and a total of 21 heat exchangers were analyzed. 

Worldwide demand for the jet fuels specified in Table 3 amounted to about 477,000 m /d (3 million barrels per day) in 1990. About one-half of this demand was kerosene Jet A sold in the United States. One-third represented kerosene Jet A1 for dehvery to international airlines outside the United States the balance comprised various military fuels used by air forces around the world. 

The principal advance ia technology for SASOL I relative to the German Fischer-Tropsch plants was the development of a fluidized-bed reactor/regenerator system designed by M. W. Kellogg for the synthesis reaction. The reactor consists of an entrained-flow reactor ia series with a fluidized-bed regenerator (Fig. 14). Each fluidized-bed reactor processes 80,000 m /h of feed at a temperature of 320 to 330°C and 2.2 MPa (22 atm), and produces approximately 300 m (2000 barrels) per day of Hquid hydrocarbon product with a catalyst circulation rate of over 6000 t/h (49). 

SASOLII a.ndIII. Two additional plants weie built and aie in operation in South Africa near Secunda. The combined annual coal consumption for SASOL II, commissioned in 1980, and SASOL III, in 1983, is 25 x 10 t, and these plants together produce approximately 1.3 x lO" m (80,000 barrels) per day of transportation fuels. A block flow diagram for these processes is shown in Figure 15. The product distribution for SASOL II and III is much narrower in comparison to SASOL I. The later plants use only fluid-bed reactor technology, and extensive use of secondary catalytic processing of intermediates (alkylation, polymerisation, etc) is practiced to maximise the production of transportation fuels. 

Production. MTBE production capacity has grown steadily, usually at an annual rate of 10 to 20% per year. In 1980, world capacity was 30 thousand barrels per day (1.5 X 10 t/yr). By 1990, capacity was up to 180 thousand barrels per day (7 x 10 t/yr). Because of the requirements of the U.S. CAA, production capacity is expected to more than double from 1990 to 1995 (25). By 2000, MTBE may be the second largest organic chemical produced in the United States, second only to ethylene (26). 

Barrels per day Gallons per minute 0.02917 Centimeters of mercury at 0 C. Pounds per square foot 27.845... 

Lead in regular gasoline (usually as tetraethyl lead) is limited in the United States to 1.1 gm of lead per gallon, except that refiners producing less than 10,000 barrels per day may include 1.9 gm per gallon. 

Modem crude oil distillation units are larger than those in the chemical process industry, producing up to 200,000 barrels per day of product. 

In the free market, as long as petroleum supplies are plentiful, there is little incentive for oil companies to transition to any of the alternative fuels, which is a major reason that the U.S. Department of Energy projects petroleum consumption will rise from 18.6 million barrels per day in 1997 to 22.5-26.8 million barrels by 2020. As the crude oil resei ves dwindle, the... 

By the end ofWorld War II the use of residual fuel oil in the United States had reached about 1.2 million barrels per day. The bulk of this use was in industri-al/commercial boilers, railroad locomotives, and steamships. Shortly thereafter, railroad use declined rapidly as diesel engines, which used distillate fuel, replaced steam locomotives. In the 19.30s and 1960s residual fuel oil use for marine and industrial applications, as well as for electric power generation, con-... 

By 1973 about 1.4 million barrels per day of residual fuel oil were used for electric power generation in the United States. This accounted for 16.8 percent of U.S. electricity generation, mostly in areas where cheap, foreign heavy fuel could be delivered by tanker. That same year, another 1.4 million barrels per day of heavy fuel oil were used in the United States for industrial and commercial applications. Worldwide during 1973 about 2.6 million barrels per day of residual fuel oil were used in marine diesel engines, and another 1.1 million barrels per day were used for steamship propulsion. 

Approximately 350 cat crackers are operating worldwide, with a total processing capacity of over 12.7 million barrels per day [1]. Most of the existing FCC units have been designed or modified by six major technology licensers ... 

Van Driesen and Stewart (V4) have reported temperature measurements for various locations in commercial gas-liquid fluidized reactors for the large-scale catalytic desulfurization and hydrocracking of heavy petroleum fractions (2500 barrels per day capacity). The hydrogenation was carried out in two stages the maximum and minimum temperatures measured were 774° and 778°F for the first stage and 768° and 770°F for the second. These results indicate that gas-liquid fluidized reactors are characterized by a high effective thermal conductivity. 

Approximately 60% to 70% of the oil in place cannot be produced by conventional methods [22]. Enhanced oil-recovery methods gain importance in particular with respect to the limited worldwide resources of crude oil. The estimated worldwide production from enhanced oil-recovery projects and heavy-oil projects at the beginning of 1996 was approximately 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd). This is approximately 3.6% of the world s oil production. At the beginning of 1994, the production had been 1.9 million bpd [1254]. 

A petroleum refinery has two crude oil feeds available. The first crude (Crude 1) is high-quality feed and costs 30 per barrel (1 barrel = 42 US gallons). The second crude (Crude 2) is a low-quality feed and costs 20 per barrel. The crude oil is separated into gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and fuel oil. The percent yield of each of these products that can be obtained from Crude 1 and Crude 2 are listed in Table 3.6, together with maximum allowable production flowrates of the products in barrels per day and processing costs. 

Ever since the major power failure in 1965 that blacked out the northeastern United States, an important site consideration has been the reliability of electrical power systems. For instance, a 5-hour power failure cost a New Jersey firm two days downtime. In another case the Sun Oil Company s 170,000-barrel-per-day refinery at Marcus Hook, Pa., suffered a 250,000 loss due to a 3 1/2-hour power failure. It was four days before full production could be restored. The problem is that there is no section of the country that has not had a major power failure. 

Example 2-3 Scale-Up of Pipe Flow. We would like to know the total pressure driving force (AP) required to pump oil (/z = 30 cP, p = 0.85 g/cm3) through a horizontal pipeline with a diameter (D) of 48 in. and a length (L) of 700 mi, at a flow rate (Q) of 1 million barrels per day. The pipe is to be of commercial steel, which has an equivalent roughness (e) of 0.0018 in. To get this information, we want to design a laboratory experiment in which the laboratory model (m) and the full-scale field pipeline (f) are operating under dynamically similar conditions so that measurements of AP in the model can be scaled up directly to find AP in the field. The necessary conditions for dynamic similarity for this system are... 

Example 7-1 Economic Pipe Diameter. What is the most economical diameter for a pipeline that is required to transport crude oil with a viscosity of 30 cP and an SG of 0.95, at a rate of 1 million barrels per day using ANSI 1500 pipe, if the cost of energy is 50 per kWh (in 1980 ) Assume that the economical life of the pipeline is 40 years and that the pumps are 50% efficient. 

You must design a pipeline to carry crude oil at a rate of 1 million barrels per day. If the viscosity of the oil is 25 cP and its SG is 0.9, what is the most economic diameter for the pipeline if the pipe cost is 3 per foot of length and per inch of diameter, if the power cost 0.05/kWh, and the cost of the pipeline is to be written off over a 3 year period The oil enters and leaves the pipeline at atmospheric pressure. What would the answer be if the economic lifetime of the pipeline were 30 years ... 

The Sasol 2 and 3 facilities (presently known as Sasol Synfuels) were constructed in Secunda, South Africa, in response to the 1973 oil crisis. Syncrude was produced by Fe-HTFT synthesis in improved Sasol Synthol circulating fluidized bed reactors36. The syncrude composition was similar to the Kellogg Fe-HTFT syncrude of Sasol 1 (Table 18.8). There was limited integration between the two facilities, which had a combined nameplate capacity of 120,000 barrels per day oil equivalent. 

The South African government initiated the Mossgas project in the mid-1980s to investigate the conversion of gas and associated natural gas liquids into transportation fuel. This eventually led to the construction of the Mossgas gas-to-liquids plant (presently known as PetroSA) in Mossel Bay, South Africa. It was designed as a 33,000 barrels per day oil equivalent facility, with two thirds of the production being derived from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the remainder from associated gas liquids. This facility reached full commercial production in 1993 and was aimed at the production of transportation fuel only.50... 

Consider an oil well drilled to a depth of 1000 ft and connected to the surface with 4-in (internal diameter) commercial steel pipe. If the pressure in the well reservoir is a constant 500 psig, what is the expected flow rate of liquid oil (in barrels per day) at the surface if the surface pipe is open to the atmosphere Assume 1000 ft of equivalent pipe and no gas flow with the oil. The specific gravity of the oil is 0.93, and its viscosity is 0.4 cen-tipoise. Make sure that you clearly state and justify any assumptions Remember, an oil barrel is 42 gal. 

You are the manufacturer of PCl3, which you sell in barrels at a rate of P barrels per day. The cost per barrel produced is... 

---