Barents Sea

Borga, K., Gabrielsen, G.W., and Skaare, J.U. (2001). Biomagnification of organochlorines along a Barents sea food chain. Environmental Pollution 113, 187-198. 

Barrett, R.T., J.U. Skaare, and G.W. Gabrielsen. 1996. Recent changes in levels of persistent organochlorines and mercury in eggs of seabirds from the Barents Sea. Environ. Pollut. 92 13-18. 

Joiris, C.R., I.B. Ali, L. Holsbeek, M. Kanuya-Kinoti, and Y. Tekele-Michael. 1997. Total and organic mercury in Greenland and Barents Seas demersal fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58 101-107. 

Oehme, M., et al. (1993). The ultra trace analysis of polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and diben-zofurans in sediments from the Arctic (Barents Sea) and Northern North Sea. Methodology and quality assurance. Analytical methods and instrumentation, 1, 153-163. 

Greenland, Barents Sea, summer 1991-92, muscle, demersal fishes 0.037 FW 84... 

By the year 2010 Russia plans to produce totally 635-665 bcm of natural gas, including an export potential of 140-150 bcm for supplying the European market (excluding republics of the Former Soviet Union). By 2020 the production of Russian gas will reach roughly 680-730 bcm with about 160-165 bcm export to Europe per annum [17]. The planned level of exports to Europe seems realistic provided Central Asian gas is available at a price lower than the alternative price of gas from new Russian fields (for instance in Siberia, the Barents Sea, the Yamal peninsula and Sakhalin). 

Some European countries have supported the most significant Russian project for the near future. This was announced during president Putin s visit to the United Kingdom (2003) as was stated that the UK is ready to invest some US 6 billion for the development of the North-European pipeline system to take gas from Russian Barents Sea to Europe via the Baltic Sea. 

In the foreseeable future a strong requirement for gas supply to Europe from new sources, including those of the Caspian region, is likely to occur. In Europe the Caspian gas will have to compete primarily with the established suppliers. At the same time the North Sea reserves will be on decline. The pipelines for supply of the Algerian gas through Morocco and Tunisia have limited capacity. LNG imports from the Middle East and Africa will reach their limits. And Russia will face significant difficulties in developing new reserves in Siberia and the Barents Sea [24,25],... 

Snohvit Gas Field, Barents Sea, Norway , the website for the offshore oil gas industry, http //www.ofifshore-technology.com/projects/ snohvit/... 

Figure 11 Future LNG trading routes from the Barents Sea region. The commercial exploitation of a new gas field off the Norwegian coast in the Barents Sea, named Snohvit, scheduled to go on stream in 2006. The on-shore based 4.2 MTPA LNG plant will process 5.6 billion standard cubic metres of gas per year. The LNG will basically be shipped to Spain and the United States.

Laboratory experiments showed that the water content of the muscle of small, immature cod subjected to starvation rose (reflecting protein depletion) from 80% to around 86%, beyond which level the fish died. Larger fish, however, which had spawned several times, could be depleted until the water content of the musculature was over 95% - a remarkable adaptation to the more severe depletion imposed under natural conditions (Love, unpublished). While this phenomenon differs from that described above in fatty fish, it again illustrates a change in the metabolism of fish in response to growth. Likewise, Borisov and Shatunovsky (1973) studied the possibility of using the water content to estimate the natural mortality rate of Barents Sea cod. 

Borisov, V.M. and Shatunovsky, M.I. (1973). On the possibility of applying humidity index for estimating the natural mortality rate of Barents Sea cod (In Russian). Trudy VNIRO 93,311-321. 

Trout, G.C. (1954). Otolith growth of the Barents Sea cod. Rapports et Prods-Verbaux des Reunions, Conseil Permanent International pour l Exploration de la Mer 136,89-102. 

Woodhead, A.D. and Woodhead, P.M.J. (1965a). Seasonal changes in the physiology of the Barents Sea cod, Gadus morhua L., in relation to its environment. I. Endocrine changes particularly affecting migration. Special Publications of the International Commission on North-West Atlantic Fisheries 6,691-715. 

Arctic fjords have been classified into categories of comparatively clean, contaminated, heavily contaminated, and potentially contaminated. Contaminated areas include, for instance, Kola Gulf and, probably, all the fjords of the northern Kola Peninsula west of Murmansk. The content of radionuclides in phytobenthos, in the coastal zone east of Murmansk, is low. Evidently, there has not recently been any serious radionuclide penetration into this area. The low gamma-nuclide level (1 Bq/kg-3 Bq/kg) is typical for the zoobenthos of the Barents Sea. This is also true for the Kara Sea. 

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