Nodularia spumigena

The characterization of the first functional cyanobacterial PPTase from Nodularia spumigena SORXQ was reported and its ability to modify carrier proteins from heterocyst glycolipid synthesis and nodularin toxin synthesis was demonstrated. This now opens the door to harness the biotechnological potential of cyanobacterial natural products formation. 

Mazur, H., and Plinski, M. 2003. Nodularia spumigena blooms and the occurrence of hepatotoxin in the Gulf of Gdansk. Oceanologia 45, 305-316. 

Dahlmanna, I, RuEhla, A., Hummerta, C., Liebezeitb, G., Carlssonc, P, and Granealic, E. 2001. Different methods for toxin analysis in the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (Cyanophyceae). Toxicon 39 1183-1190. 

Microcystins and Nodularins Mieroeystins (MC) are widely distributed eyanotoxins, and have often been implicated in aeeidental human and animal poisonings. They are produeed by several genera, including the planktonic Microcystis, Planktothrix, Anabaena species, and the benthic Oscillatoria. Nodularins are only produced by the species Nodularia spumigena, whieh occurs in brackish waters, essentially in the Baltie Sea, Australia, and New Zealand. 

Nodularia spumigena Baltic Sea Natural Simulated 0.0003- 0.0017- 0.0010- Sorensson and... 

Suikkanen, S., Pistarol, G. O., and Graneh, E. (2004). AUelopathic effects of the Baltic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena, Aphanizomenon Jlos-aquae and Anabaena lemmermannii on algal monocultures. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol 308, 85-101. 

Stolte, W., Karlsson, C., Carlsson, P., and Graneli, E. (2002). Modeling the increase of nodularin content in Baltic Sea Nodularia spumigena during stationary phase in phosphorus-limited batch cultures. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 41, 211-220. 

Summer Bloom The buoyant surface blooms of diazotrophic cyanobacteria (Nodularia spumigena. Aphanizomenon sp., Anabaena spp.) are the most impressive bloom phenomena in the Baltic Proper. Nodularia blooms are also of socioeconomic interest because they are potentially toxic (Wasmund, 2002). As diazotrophic cyanobacteria are not... 

Laamanen, M., Kuosa, H., 2005. Annual variability of biomass and heterocysts of the N -lixing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in the Baltic Sea with reference to Anabaena spp. and Nodularia spumigena. Boreal Environmental Research, 10, 19-30. 

Mazur-Marzec, H., Krozel, A., Kobos, J., Plinski, M., 2006. Toxic Nodularia spumigena blooms in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdansk a ten-year survey. Oceanologia, 48, 255-273. 

Ostrom, B., 1976. Fertilization of the Baltic by nitrogen fixation in the blue-green algae Nodularia spumigena. Remote Sensing of the Environment, 4, 305-310. 

Cyanobacteria known to produce hepatotoxins include species of Microcystis (32-36), Anabaena (37-40), Nostoc (41,42), Oscillatoria (43,44) and the brackish water Nodularia spumigena (45,46). These cyanobacteria produce a wide range of toxins including neurotoxic alkaloids, lipopolysaccharides, phenolic compounds and most importantly, the cyclic hepatotoxic peptides microcystins and nodularins. Since both microcystins and nodularins were recently discovered even in shellfish (47) and tropical fish species (48), and a nodularin variant was isolated in Papua New Guinea also from the tropical marine sponge Theonella swinhoei (49), marine prokaryotes are apparently producing identical toxins as the cyanobacteria. However, since this nodularin variant was isolated from a marine sponge it may well be produced by a microbial symbiont. 

Huber, A.L. and Hamel, K.S. (1985) Phosphatase activities in relation to phosphorus nutrition in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae). 2. Laboratory studies. Hydrobiologia 123, 81-88. 

FIGURE 37.9 Microscopic view of Nodularia spumigena which occurs on occasions as a toxic planktonic bloom during summer months in earthen ponds at shrimp farms (Penaeus monodon) on Palmers Island, northern New South Wales, Australia (trichome width of 12 J,m, 400x magnification). 

Davies, W.R., Siu, W.H.L., Jack, R.W., Wu, R.S.S., Lam, P.K.S. and Nugegoda, D. Comparative effects of the blue green algae Nodularia spumigena and a lysed extract on detoxification and antioxidant enzymes in the green lipped mussel (Pema veridis). Mar. Pollut. Bull, 51, 1026, 2005. 

Falconer, I.R. and Choice, A. Toxicity of edible mussels (Mytilus edulis) growing naturally in an estuary during a water bloom of the blue-green alga. Nodularia spumigena. Environ. Toxic. Water, 1,119,1992. 

Kankaanpaa, H., Vuorinen, P.J., Sipia. and Keinanen, M. Acute effects and bioaccumulation of nodularin in sea trout, (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.) exposed orally to Nodularia spumigena under laboratory conditions, Aquat. Toxicol, 61, 155, 2002. 

Strogyloudi, E., Giannakourou, A., Legrand, C., Ruehl, A. and Graneh, E. Estimation of the accumulation and transfer of Nodularia spumigena toxins by blue mussel Mytelis edulis an appraisal from culture and mesocosm experiments, Toxicon, 48, 359, 2006. 

Mpgelhpj, M.K. et al.. High pH and not allelopathy may be responsible for negative effects of Nodularia spumigena on other algae, A naf. Microb. Ecol, 43, 43, 2006. 

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