Balloons military

An explosion occurs when energy previously confined is suddenly released to affect the surroundings. Small explosions, like the bursting of a toy balloon, are familiar and innocuous, but large-scale explosions, like an atomic bomb, are rare and usually disastrous. Between these two extremes lie the commercial and conventional military fields where explosions are produced on a limited scale to cause specific effects. It is with explosions of this intermediate scale that this book is concerned. 

Ballons Airships and Their Application in War. Under this title there is described in Vol 2 of Encycl, pp BIO—Bll their historical development. The first successful balloon was invented in 1782 by brothers Mongolfter of France, and ever since then attempts have been made to use them for military purposes, such as for observation and later for dropping bombs (See under year 1849, Bombs, Aerial)... 

The post WWII period of aeronautical development began with only US and Russia engaged in airship construction and this only to a limited extent due to competition from airplanes Balloons, Application, in War. The first use of balloons by the military appears to date from the period of the French revolutionary wars(1789-99), when a corps of aeronauts was formed and sent by the French in balloons over the Dutch add Austrian troops. The unexpected appearance of balloons had a demoralizing effect on the enemy and caused them to retreat. Later(1812), the Prussians employed balloons against the Napoleonic troops, but without great success. Balloons were also used for bombing purposes, as briefly described under Bombs, Hiseorical(see under BOMBS)... 

The first occasion on which a balloon was used for military purposes was at the Battle of Fleurus, near Charleroi in Belgium, in 1794. The balloon was captive and remained up all day, signalling the dispositions of the enemy to Jourdan s army, enabling them to achieve victory. 

In 1798 Napoleon, after taking Cairo, sent up a fire balloon with the object of impressing the Egyptians, but he was singularly slow to appreciate the military value of balloons. Had he but used them as eyes at Waterloo in 1815, he would not have mistaken Blucher for Grouchy, and that page of history might have been different. 

Groves was one inch short of six feet tall, jowly, with curly chestnut hair, blue eyes, a sparse mustache and sufficient girth to balloon over his webbing belt above and below its brass military buckle. Leona Woods thought he might weigh as much as 300 pounds he was probably nearer... 

Specialized applications of batteries cover military and space technology and some scientific instruments. Examples of such battery-powered devices are satellites, space probes, rockets, bathyscaphes and other submersible craft, electrically driven torpe-dos, meteorological balloons, and so forth. Specialized batteries may be divided into two subdivisions power sources for short-term loads (typically for a single discharge) and those for long-term low-drain discharge. 

Fourcroy was ultimately disappointed in his ambitions, not achieving the academic rank to which he aspired (a decision based on politics rather than qualifications), and his health failed. He died at the age of 54, probably from a stroke. De Morveau remained an active revolutionary and voted for the execution of Louis XVI. In fact he served as president of the first Committee of Public Safety, but he was too moderate by some standards and was replaced. Away fighting the Austrians at the time of Lavoisier s trial (de Morveau helped to organize the first military air force in the form of crew-carrying reconnaissance balloons), he may not have known of Lavoisier s arrest until too late, or had he known he may not have been able to return in time to protest. After the Terror his scientific career, like Fourcroy s, continued to prosper. De Morveau also worked well with Napoleon and under Napoleon was administrator of the mints, retiring finally only after Waterloo. Even when the Bourbon monarchy was restored and many of those responsible for the execution of Louis XVI were exiled, de Morveau was allowed to remain in France where he died 6 months later. 

Textiles and their separate advances, especially in materials and processes, have always played an important role in the advancement of aerospace stractures. Sometimes advances in textiles and their coatings make a new advance possible in aerospace, such as the development of gasproof coatings bringing about a revolution in military balloon service life. Sometimes limitations of the current materials limit aerospace advancement and/or drives the adoptirai of another material, such as the move from fabric covering of aircraft to load-bearing metal skins. 

Weymouth Bay. The sites had been chosen for their convenient location for the military operation, despite being areas of outstanding natural beauty along the Dorset coast. In each of the trials, between 90 and 488 litres of bacterial suspension was released into the atmosphere. Prior to this, in collaboration with the National Gas Turbine EstabHshment and the Balloon Development Establishment (BDE), Cardington, Porton had carried out a series of trials to develop an efficient aircraft dehvery system which was later tested by spraying E. colt traced with B.ghbigii over Tarrant Rushton airfield m Dorset. ... 

Plastics continue to expand their use in primary and secondary aeronautical structures that include aircraft, helicopters, and balloons, to missiles space structures. Lightweight durable plastics and high performance reinforced plastics (RPs) save on ftiel while resisting all kinds of static and dynamic loads (creep, fatigue, impact, etc.) in different and extreme environments. Certain military planes contain up to 60wt%... 

Early in October a US military spokesman in Saigon announced that tear gas had been used on 8 October by US and Australian troops.It was also reported that General Westmoreland had asked Washington in mid-September to authorise gas use. Early in October he delegated to field commanders authority to use chemicals. Seymour Hersh suggests that the Utter incident was in fact a trial balloon released to test public reaction when there was no outcry, the way was clear for the routine use of chemicals in Vietnam. 

Applications for primary silver—cadmium batteries include oceanographic buoys, torpedoes, missiles, underwater scooters, portable field equipment balloons, sonar devices, planetary probes, and various civil and military applications. 

Other applications include utility meters, random access memory applications, weather balloons, oceanographic equipment, process controllers, switch gear, test equipment, on-board aircraft computers, emergency locator equipment, rocket propulsion equipment for satellites, military equipment and anti-satellite missiles. Lithium-sulphur dioxide is the prineipal high energy primary battery system used in the world to power military eleetronies equipment, e.g. the BA 5990 type eell is used by the US military to power some 40 different types of eleetronie equipment. 

Silver chloride-zinc batteries These are used in balloons, buoys, military power systems, eommunieations equipment and portable eleetronie devices. 

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