Bait additives

Due to its powerful odor, it has also been used as a fishing bait additive. Many of the commercially available flavours used in carp (Cyprimis carpid) baits use butyric acid as their ester base however, it is not clear whether fish are attracted by the butyric acid itself or the additional substances added to it. Butyric acid was, however, one of the few organic acids shown to be palatable for both tench and bitterling. 

Mean percent preference + S.E.M. for 12 bait additives each tested at three concentrations. 

Add a quantity of the Sulfo-SBED solution to the bait protein solution so that a 1- to 5-fold molar excess of crosslinker over the bait protein results in the reaction mixture. Mix well. Using greater quantities of Sulfo-SBED to the bait protein may result in precipitation due to the hydrophobic nature of crosslinker. In addition, over modification of the bait protein with the crosslinker may block sites of protein interaction, thus preventing complex formation. As a practical example, Horney et al. (2001), used a 1 1 molar ratio of Sulfo-SBED to the bait protein IGF-1 with success. 

Add the labeled bait protein to a sample containing the putative interacting prey proteins. The quantity of bait protein to be added to a given sample should be within the same concentration level as the amount of prey proteins present. The optimal level of addition may have to be determined by varying the amount of bait protein concentrations in a number of sample solutions to decide which concentration results in the best interaction complexes being formed. 

Add a quantity of the crosslinker solution to the bait protein solution to provide a 1-5 molar excess of the crosslinker over the quantity of protein to be modified. The addition of the organic solution containing the crosslinker should be done so that the final reaction contains no more than 10 percent organic solvent. Even lower concentrations of solvent may be required for certain sensitive proteins. 

No mirex degradation products were detected in whole fathead minnow or in hydrosoils under aerobic or anaerobic conditions (Huckins et al. 1982). In contrast, three metabolites were detected in coastal marshes after mirex bait application, one of which, photomirex, was accumulated by fish and oysters (Cripe and Livingston 1977). The fate and effects of mirex photoproducts in the environment are unclear and merit additional research. 

Compound 1080 was also effective against jackrabbits, foxes, and moles. Baits containing 0.05 to 0.1% 1080 on vegetables were used in California to kill jackrabbits (Lepus spp.) and various rodents (Schitoskey 1975). The Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), intentionally introduced onto the Aleutian Islands in 1835 (Bailey 1993), almost eliminated the Aleutian Canada goose (Branta canadensis leucoparlia) by 1967. 1080-tallow baits were successfully used to control fox populations (Byrd et al. 1988 Tietjen et al. 1988 Bailey 1993). Earthworm baits are used to kill moles. The earthworms are soaked for 45 min in a 2.5% solution of 1080 and placed in mole burrows. The solution can be used several times for additional lots of worms however, the use of the manure worm (Eisenia foetida) should be avoided because it is seldom eaten by moles (Peacock 1964). 

Expression of a recombinant protein using an inducible vector system would permit expression at endogenous levels to simulate physiologic levels of expression of a protein of interest. Tandem affinity purification strategies have recently been employed and facilitate the analyses of highly interactive proteins when the bait protein is expressed at endogenous levels. Immunoaffinity or immunoprecipitation followed by LC-MS/MS does not readily permit determination of the stoichiometry of interacting partners. Additionally, when compared to yeast hybrid experiments, it is difficult to determine whether interactions are binary when identified in complexes by MS/MS. 

Food odors are also important as attractants for traps both on their own or in combination with pheromone lures as synergists or additive attractants. Food odors can be used to improve the capture of species that do not have commercially available pheromone lures, of females that do not respond to traps with sex pheromones, and of immature stages. In a number of situations, pheromones combined with food odor are more attractive then either alone (Landolt and Phillips, 1997 Phillips et al., 1993 Trematerra and Girgenti, 1989). Food odor has an advantage over food bait packs because typically the insect is unable to develop on the chemical fraction containing the attractant in contrast to food bait packs. The effectiveness of food attractants can be diminished in environments that contain other food odors. 

In addition to identifying protein partners, yeast two-hybrid technology can be used to identify and study in detail the interaction domains between two proteins. Here, bait and/or fish truncation or deletion constructs of the parent proteins are engineered and characterized as described earlier (see 3.1 Selection and characterization of bait constructs). These are then investigated for association in a yeast two-hybrid interaction assay. Once the BD has been identified, it can be further refined by mutagenesis. The same caveat applies to these studies as for the identification of associating proteins, i.e., it is assumed that the respective fusion proteins fold and adopt the same or a similar three-dimensional conformation to the native protein. This is not always the case and results should be interpreted with caution and if possible, always validated by an alternative experimental approach. O Table 19-1 shows an example of mapping the... 

The ester, 1 -methylethyloctanoate, a new Lepidopteran sex pheromone of the bagworm moth, Megalophanes viciella, was discovered and identified. This identification was further confirmed when conspecific males were trapped in baits treated with this compound. In addition to the ester, octanal and dodecanal were also identified by GC-MS. The two aldehydes did not significantly affect the catches. 

The components of the sex pheromone from female nettle caterpillars Darna trima and Darna bradleyi (Lepidoptera Limacodidae) were identified. The compounds from D. trima were 2-methylbutyl-(A )-7,9-decadienoate (A) and ( )-2-hexenyl ( )-7,9-decadienoate (B) and from D. bradleyi were identified as methyl (T)-7,9-decadienoate (C) and isobutyl (.ff)-7,9-decadienoate (D). In Malaysia, (5 )-2-methylbutyl- E)-7,9-decadienoate in combination with B proved to be essential and synergistic pheromone components for attraction of males in field tests. (i )-2-methylbutyl- ( )-7,9-decadienoate had no behavioral activity. Compound D singly attracted male D. bradleyi, but the addition of C and D in a ratio of 1 10 significantly enhanced attractiveness of the bait. ... 

Since the development of emulsions for horticultural use about 1870, petroleum oils have been employed in many fields of insect control. On horticultural crops they serve as dormant sprays for scale insects, mites, insect eggs, and certain hibernating caterpillars as summer sprays for mites and scale insects as attractants in poison baits as additives to increase the effectiveness of other insecticides and as carriers for many toxicants. 

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