Bactericidal

The various sulphonamides differ in their specificity to various bacteria and in their ease of absorption and excretion. They are bacteriostatic (inhibiting growth) and not bactericidal, acting by allowing the natural body mechanisms to destroy the bacteria. 

In addition to their antiknock properties, organic lead compounds possess bactericidal properties and motor fuels with lead are known to inhibit bacterial growth during storage in contact with water. With the disappearance of lead-based compounds, it is necessary to incorporate biocides from the cyclic imine family, (piperidine, pyrrolidine, hexamethyleneimine), alkylpropylene diamines or imidazolines (Figure 9.2). 

This section includes veterinary applications. The antiviral, bactericidal, and antimicrobial applications of 2-aminothiazoles and 2-imino-4-thiazolines are summarized in Table VI-7. They show a marked anti-trichonomicidal activity, which has even been quantitatively measured by the Hansch approach (797). The antiparasitic action of these compounds has been investigated for some compounds and is summarized in Table VI-8 interesting results were obtained with aminotrozal (1348). 

TABLE VI-7 ANTIVIRAL, BACTERICIDAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF2-AMINOTHIAZOLES (A) AND 2-IM1NO-4 THIAZOUNES (B)... 

The 2-imino-4-thiazolines may be used as ultraviolet-light stabilizers of polyolefin compositions (1026). 2-Aminothiazole improves adhesive properties of wood to wood glue (271). Cbmpound 428 exhibits antioxidant properties (Scheme 242) (1027). Ammonium N-(2-thiazolyl)dithio-carbamate (429) is a bactericide and fungicide used in industrial products such as lumber, paint, plastics, and textiles (1037). Compound 430 is reported (1038) to form an excellent volume of foam coating in aluminum pans when ignited with propane. 

Antiviriai. bactericide Modifiers in the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene... 

The bactericidal and enzymatic action of dyes, particularly of vinyl derivatives of 3,4,5-substituted thiazolium, for example, 45 (Scheme 70) (139), have been systematically studied to know more about the basic mechanisms involved (140). 

The thiazole ring can be found in numerous molecules that possess biological activity the thiamine (vitamin B,), penicillins, antiinflamatory and bactericidals compounds, and so forth. 

Bacterial cellulose Bacterial leaching Bacterial removal Bacteria, luminous Bactericide... 

Acetic anhydride is a useful solvent in certain nitrations, acetylation of amines and organosulfur compounds for mbber processing, and in pesticides. Though acetic acid is unexceptional as a fungicide, small percentages of anhydride in acetic acid, or in cold water solutions are powerful fungicides and bactericides. There are no reports of this appHcation in commerce. It is possible that anhydride may replace formaldehyde for certain mycocidal apphcations. 

These fibers may find use in controUed release of dmgs, bactericides, and corrosion prevention chemicals (103). Fibers with different active groups have been made for sorption of chemicals. These fibers are designed to replace granular sorbents for air purification, for example, in air filtration masks (104). 

They readily dissolve metal oxides and are effective metal surface cleaners and fluxes (see Metal surface treatments). They also have bactericidal and fungicidal properties (74). However, the main commercial appHcation among monofluorophosphates is of sodium monofluorophosphate ia dentifrices. 

Plant investment and maintenance costs are relatively high for a new iodine plant in the United States or in Japan because of the deep weUs required for brine production and disposal as weU as the corrosive nature of the plant streams. The principal materials cost is for chlorine and for sulfur dioxide, although in the United States the additives used for the brines, such as scale inhibitors and bactericides, also have a considerable influence on costs. 

A poly( -vinyl-2-pyrroHdinone)-iodine complex [25655-41-8] (PVP-iodine), has been used extensively in hospitals and elsewhere because of its germicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and generally disinfecting properties (150). It is sold as a solution that contains about 10% available, or active, iodine and about 5% inactive iodine, in the form of iodide ion (see Disinfectants and antiseptics Industrial antimicrobial agents). 

Uses. Diketene is described as having bactericidal activity (136,137). It also raises the octane rating of gasoline (138) but is not used for these purposes in the Western world. 

The ammoniacal solution of phenyhnercuric acetate contains polymercurates. The low solubihty of polymercurates is an advantage in exterior coatings, where bactericidal and fungicidal activity is unimpaired and these materials are leached out more slowly. 

Prior to the 1990s phenyhnercuric acetate was the primary bactericide and fungicide in latex and waterborne paints. Because of the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity and the potential for high consumer and occupational exposures to mercury when present in paints, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) induced U.S. manufacturers of PMA and other mercury compounds to withdraw their registrations for use of these substances as biocides in paints (see AIercury). Mercury compounds are used only for very limited, specific purposes, such as the use of phenyhnercuric mXx.2LX.e[55-68-5] as a bactericide in cosmetic eye preparations (see Cosmetics). 

Galen, a physician whose views outUved him by about a thousand years, died about 200 AD. He beUeved that mercurials were toxic, and did not use any mercury compound therapeutically. However, as a result of Arabian influence, the therapeutic uses of mercury were slowly recognized by Western Europe. In the thirteenth century mercury ointments were prescribed for treating chronic diseases of the skin. Mercury and its compounds, such as mercurous chloride, mercuric oxide, mercuric chloride, and mercuric sulfide, were used widely from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries, and to some extent in the twentieth century. During the first half of the twentieth century, the primary therapeutic uses of mercury included bactericidal preparations, such as mercuric chloride, mercuric oxycyanide, and mercuric oxide and diuretics, such as aryl HgX (Novasural) and mercurated ahyl derivatives (14). 

The objective in packaging cool sterilized products is to maintain the product under aseptic conditions, to sterilize the container and its Hd, and to place the product into the container and seal it without contamination. Contamination of the head space between the product and closure is avoided by the use of superheated steam, maintaining a high internal pressure, spraying the container surface with a bactericide such as chlorine, irradiation with a bactericidal lamp, or filling the space with an inert sterile gas such as nitrogen. 

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