Bacteria cyanobacteria

A great variety of light-triggered processes exists even in phototrophic prokaryotes (photosynthetic bacteria, Cyanobacteria = Cyanophyceae = blue-green algae). In the case of movement we distinguish between... 

The list of natural product similarities from land and the sea is immense, with metabolites of all chemical classes. On land these mostly derive from bacteria, cyanobacteria, plants, fiingi, insects, amphibians, and mammals in the sea, besides bacteria and cyanobacteria, the sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, moUusks, ascidians, and sharks produce most. The ascidians are exclusively marine, and the sponges, cnidarians, and bryozoans are productive only in the sea. Dietary metabolites are also... 

Zuber, H. (1986) Structure of light-harvesting antenna complexes of photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria and red algae. Trends Biochem. Sci. 11, 414 419. 

Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Synechocystis Anabaena, Nostoc Oscillatoria... 

If an enzyme binds a flavin radical much more tightly than the fully oxidized or reduced forms, reduction of the flavoprotein will take place in two one-electron steps. In such proteins the values of E° for the two steps may be widely separated. The best known examples are the small, low-potential electron-carrying proteins known as flavodoxins.266 269a These proteins, which carry electrons between pairs of other redox proteins, have a variety of functions in anaerobic and photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and green algae. Their functions are similar to those of the ferredoxins, iron-sulfur proteins that are considered in Chapter 16. 

Aquatic single cell organisms with a size range of about 0.02-200 pm in diameter occur in nature in concentrations that range from about 102 to 107 per ml. They include viruses, bacteria, cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae), autotrophic phytoplankton (unicellular plants), and heterotrophic zooplankton (unicellular animals). The analysis of aquatic organisms by flow cytometry presents... 

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of N2 gas into ammonia, a process carried out by some soil bacteria, cyanobacteria and the symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium that invade the root nodules of leguminous plants. This process is carried out by the nitrogenase complex, which consists of a reductase and an iron-molybdenum-containing nitrogenase. At least 16 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed to form two molecules of ammonia. Leghemoglobin is used to protect the nitrogenase in the Rhizobium from inactivation by 02. 

Bacteria Bacteria Proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, spirochetes, chlamydias... 

Photosynthetic eubacteria are classified as filamentous, green sulfur, gram-positive linked, purple, and cyanobacteria. All contain membrane-bound RCs in which (B)Chl serves as the primary electron donor. The RCs may be divided into two main types RC-1, in which the initial electron acceptor is a (B)Chl molecule and the secondary acceptor is an Fe-S center, and RC-2, in which the initial acceptor is a (B)Ph molecule and the secondary acceptor is a quinone. RC-1 centers are found in green sulfur and gram-positive linked bacteria, while RC-2 centers are found in filamentous bacteria and purple bacteria. Cyanobacteria contain both RC-1 and RC-2 centers in which the chlorophyll is Chi a. BChl a is found in filamentous, green sulfur and purple bacteria, while BChl g is characteristic of the grampositive line. BChl b is found in certain purple bacteria instead of BChl a. 

This review describes bioactive compounds isolated from marine algae and invertebrates with an emphasis on then-uniqueness. Because of limited space, metabolites from bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi cannot be included, although some from cyanobacterial and endosymbiotic bacterial origins are described (some reviews on metabolites of marine bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi are provided in the Further Reading section). Structures and bioactivities are described for compounds that represent natural product classes, but steroids and carotenoids are not included. 

Biological toxins are substances produced or derived from living organisms, both animal and plant, such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and some species of plants... 

Many modem organisms contain intracellular symbiotic bacteria, cyanobacteria, or algae that is, such associations are not difficult to establish. For example, a primitive freshwater animal called Chlorohydra owes its green color to endosym-biont algae. The hydra s nutrition is supplemented by the photosynthetic activity of the algae. 

Bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae comprise a large and diverse number of taxa. Only a relatively small number of even the genera... 

Hai, T., Ahlers, H., Gorenflo, H., and Steinbtichel, A. (2000) Axenic cultivation of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae in a new closed tubular glass photobioreactor. Appl. Microbiol. Eiotechnol., 53, 383-389. 

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