Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

J. F. Imhoff (2001) True marine and halophilic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Arch. Microbiol., 176 243-254... 

Sasikala, K., Ramana, C.V., Rao, PR., Kovacs, K.L. 1993. Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria physiology and advances in hydrogen technology. Adv Appl Microbio 38 211-295. 

Widdel, F., Schnell, S., Heising, S. et al. (1993). Ferrous oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Nature, 362, 834-6. 

Minkevich, 1., Laurinavichene, T., Tsygankov, A. (2004). Theoretical and experimental quantum efficiencies of the growth of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Process Biochem. 39,939-949. 

Widdel E., Schnell S., Heising S., Ehrenreich A., Assmus B., and Schink B. (1993) Ferrous iron oxidation by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Nature 362(6423), 834-836. 

Yurkov V. V. and Beatty J. T. (1998) Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Microbiol. Molecul. Biol. Rev. 62(3), 695-724. 

Visscher P. T., Vandenende F. P., Schaub B. E. M., and Vangemerden H. (1992) Competition between anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and colorless sulfur bacteria in a microbial mat. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 101, 51-58. 

Warthmann etal. (1993) suggested a slight modification of the equation above referred, that takes into account the combustion energy of the substrates utilized by the anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, which results in a lower energy yield ... 

Warthmann, R., Pfennig, N. and Cypionka, H. (1993). The quantum requirement for H2 production by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39, 358-362. 

Sasikala, K., Ramana, Ch.V. (1995). Biotechnological potentials of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. II. Biopolyesters, biopesticide, biofuel, and biofertilizer. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 41, 227-278. 

Hai, T., Ahlers, H., Gorenflo, H., and Steinbtichel, A. (2000) Axenic cultivation of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and microalgae in a new closed tubular glass photobioreactor. Appl. Microbiol. Eiotechnol., 53, 383-389. 

The pathways of sulfide oxidation in nature are varied, and in fact poorly known, but include (1) the inorganic oxidation of sulfide to sulfate, elemental sulfur, and other intermediate sulfur compounds, (2) the nonphototrophic, biologically-mediated oxidation of sulfide (and elemental sulfur), (3) the phototrophic oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by a variety of different anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, and (4) the disproportionation of sulfur compounds with intermediate oxidation states. The first three of these are true sulfide-oxidation pathways requiring either the introduction of an electron acceptor (e g. O2 and NO3 ), or, in the case of phototrophic pathways, the fixation of organic carbon from CO2 to balance the sulfide oxidation. The disproportionation of sulfur intermediate compounds requires no external electron donor or electron acceptor and balances the production of sulfate by the production of sulfide. This process will be taken up in detail in a later section. A cartoon depicting some of the possible steps in the oxidative sulfur cycle is shown in Figure 6. 

Fig. 106.1 Caiotenogcaiesis pathway leading to conversion of phytoene to lycopene and fhnctionally confirmed enzymes involved in this pathway. Oxygenic phototrophs require three enzymes (CrtP, CrtQ, and CrtH), whereas anoxygenic phototrophs, bacteria, and fungi use only Crtl. See the text and Table 106.3 for precise explanations...

Imhoff, J.F. and Bias-Imhoff, U.(1995) Lipids, quinones and fatty acids of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, in R.E. Blankenship, M.T. Madigan and C.E. Bauer (eds.), Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp.179-205. 

Rontani, J.-F., Christodoulou, S., and Koblizek, M. (2005) GC-MS Stmctural characterization of fatty acids from marine aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Lipids. 40,97-108. 

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