Bacillus subtilis sporulation

Nijland, R., Veening, J.W. and Kuipers, O.P. (2007) A derepression system based on the Bacillus subtilis sporulation pathway offers dynamic control of heterologous gene expression. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73 (7), 2390-2393. 

The binding of metal ions to cell surfaces will be the first stage in uptake. There is little known about the mechanisms by which metal ions are then translocated into cells. Highly specific pathways have been found for manganese in all organisms examined, so that organisms are able to concentrate Mn even in the presence of much higher levels of Ca " and Mg " ", as noted for Bacillus subtilis sporulation (Section 62.1.3.3.4). The E. coli uptake system for Mn has a value of 0.02 p,mol dm and so is readily saturated. It is unaffected by a 100 000-fold excess of Mg " and Ca, and, while Co is a competitive inhibitor, other transition metals are not taken... 

Pedraza-Reyes, M., Gutierrez-Corona, E, and Nicholson, W.L., Temporal regulation and forespore-specific expression of the spore photoproduct lyase gene by o-G RNA-polymerase during Bacillus subtilis sporulation, /. Bacterial., 176, 3983,1994. 

Mycobacteria are more resistant than other non-sporulating bacteria to a wide range of biocides. Examples of such organisms axe Mycobacterium tuberculosis, theM avium-intracellulare (MAI) group andM. chelonae (M. chelonei). Of the bacteria, however, the most resistant of all to biocides are bacterial spores, e.g. Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus. 

Perego, M. Cole, S.P. Burbulys, D. Trach, K. Hoch, J.A. Characterization of the gene for a protein kinase which phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory proteins SpoOA and SpoOF of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol., 171, 6187-6196 (1989)... 

Trach, K.A. Hoch, J.A. Multisensory activation of the phosphorelay initiating sporulation in Bacillus subtilis identification and sequence of the protein kinase of the alternate pathway. Mol. Microbiol., 8, 69-79 (1993)... 

Reserving DNA in Bacterial Endospores Bacterial endospores form when the environment is no longer conducive to active cell metabolism The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, for example, begins the process of sporulation when one or more nutrients are depleted. The end product is a... 

In the absence of 02 the E. coli FNR protein induces proteins of the anaerobic respiration pathways. Nitrate also has its own two-component system that senses nitrate availability and activates transcription of enzymes catalyzing nitrate respiration.162 An expanded two-component system induces sporulation in Bacillus subtilis in response to poor growth conditions.163164 The crystal structure of one of two response regulators (SpoOF) has a structure closely related to that of CheY and the nitrate response regulator NarL. 

KP Lemon, I Kurtser, J Wu, AD Grossman. Control of initiation of sporulation by replication initiation genes in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 182 2989-2991, 2000. 

Bacillus subtilis 168 can be hcr or rec — Forward mutation sporulation mutants... 

E. coli K12 343/113 has been used for detection of forward mutation to resistance to 6-methyl tryptophan and loss of ability to ferment galactose.289 Forward mutation to sporulation mutants in Bacillus subtilis and to 8-... 

MacGregor, J.T., and L.E. Sacks. The sporulation system of Bacillus subtilis as the basis of a multigene mutagen screening test. Mutat. Res. 38 271-286,... 

Competence- and sporulation-stimulating factors of Bacillus subtilis 301... 

Figure 8 Structures of nonmodified oligopeptide signal molecules mediating intraspecies cell-to-cell communication in Gram-positive bacteria, (a) Peptide sex pheromones and their inhibitors involved in the regulation of conjugative plasmid transfer in Enterococcus faecalis. (b) Competence- and sporulation-stimulating factors of Bacillus subtilis.

Despite the apparent connections between formation of antibiotics and spores, it has become clear that antibiotic production is not obligatory for spore formation [192]. The most damaging evidence to the antibiotic-spore obligatory hypothesis is the existence of mutants which form no antibiotic but still sporulate. Such mutants have been found in the cases of bacitracin (Bacillus licheniformis), myco-bacillin (Bacillus subtilis), linear gramicidin (B. brevis), tyrocidine (B. brevis), gramicidin S (B. brevis), oxytetracycline (Streptomyces rimosus), streptomycin (S. griseus), methylenomycin A (Streptomyces coelicolor), and patulin (Penicillium urticae). 

Bacillus subtilis. The B. subtilis genome also attracts considerable attention from biologists and, like that of E. coli, is being actively studied from the functional perspective. The Subtilist Web site, maintained at the Institute Pasteur, is constantly updated to include the most recent results on functions of new B. subtilis genes. In addition, a convenient index of B. subtilis sporulation genes is maintained at the Royal Holloway University of London. 

Gomes, S.J.C.M. and Brul, S., The effect of metal ions commonly present in food on gene expression of sporulating Bacillus subtilis cells in relation to spore wet heat resistance, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. TechnoL, 5, 307, 2004. 

Morohashi M, et al. Model-based definition of population heterogeneity and its effects on metabolism in sporulating Bacillus subtilis. J Biochem 2007 142 183-191. 

Nakano MM, Magnuson R, Myers A, Curry J, Grossman AD, Zuber P. srjA is an operon requited for surfactin production, competence development, and efficient sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. j Bacteriol 1991 173 1770-1778. 

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