Nitrates respiration

Afring RP, BF Taylor (1981) Aerobic and anaerobic catabolism of phthalic acid by a nitrate-respiring bacterium. Arch Microbiol 130 101-104. 

Williams RJ, WC Evans (1975) The metabolism of benzoate by Moraxella species through anaerobic nitrate respiration. Biochem J 148 1-10. 

Beer, C. and Wang, L.K., Activated sludge systems using nitrate respiration design considerations, Journal WPCF, 50 (9), 2120-2131, 1978. 

Figure 3. The general nitrogen model for illustrating the bio geochemical cycling in Forest ecosystems. Explanations for the fluxes 1, ammonia volatilization 2, forest fertilization 3, N2-fixation 4, denitrification 5, nitrate respiration 6, nitrification 7, immobilization 8, mineralization 9, assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium 10, leaching 11, plant uptake 12, deposition N input 13, residue composition, exudation 14, soil erosion 15, ammonium fixation and release by clay minerals 16, biomass combustion 17, forest harvesting 18, litterfall (Bashkin, 2002).

Arendsen AF, Soliman MQ, Ragsdale SW. 1999. Nitrate-dependent regulation of acetate biosynthesis and nitrate respiration by Clostridium thermoaceticum. J Bacteriol 181 1489-95. 

Rech SA, Macy JM. 1992. The terminal reductases for selenate and nitrate respiration in Thauera selenatis are two distinct enzymes. J Bacteriol 174 7316-20. 

During denitrification, nitrate is reduced to N2(g) by heterotrophic bacteria. The stoichiometry for this process was presented in Eq. 8.11 and Table 12.1 for the water column and the sediments, respectively. Denitrification is thought to be performed by fecultative aerobes that switch to nitrate respiration when O2 concentrations are less than 5 p-M (0.1 ml/L). 

Anderson IC, Levine IS. 1986. Relative rates of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production by nitrifiers, denitrifiers and nitrate respirers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51 938-945. 

Heiss, B., Frunzke, K., and Zumft, W. G. (1989). Formation of the N-N bond from nitric oxide by a membrane-bound cytochrome be complex of nitrate-respiring (denitrifying) Pseudomortas stutzeri. ]. Bacterial. 171, 3288-3297. 

Kalkowski, 1., and Conrad, R. (1991). Metabolism of nitric oxide in denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa and nitrate-respiring Bacillus cereus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 82,107-111. 

Stewart, V. (1988). Nitrate respiration in relation to facultative metabolism in enterobacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 52, 190-232. 

Noji, S. Nohno, T. Saito, T. Taniguchi, S. The narK gene product participates in nitrate transport induced in Escherichia coli nitrate-respiring cells. FEBS Lett., 252, 139-143 (1989)... 

Several selenoproteins have been found in certain bacteria and archaea. A hydrogenase from Methano-coccus vannielii contains selenocysteine.559 560 This enzyme transfers electrons from H2 to the C-5 si face of the 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin cofactor F q (Section B,4). The same bacterium synthesizes two formate dehydrogenases (see Fig 15-23), one of which contains Se. Two Se-containing formate dehydrogenases are made by E. coli. One of them, which is coupled to a hydrogenase in the formate hydrogen-lyase system (see Eq. 15-37), is a 715-residue protein containing selenocysteine at position 140.561-563 The second has selenocysteine at position 196 and functions with a nitrate reductase in anaerobic nitrate respiration.561... 

Bacterial assimilatory nitrate reductases have similar properties.86/86a In addition, many bacteria, including E. coli, are able to use nitrate ions as an oxidant for nitrate respiration under anaerobic conditions (Chapter 18). Tire dissimilatory nitrate reductases involved also contain molybdenum as well as Fe-S centers.85 Tire E. coli enzyme receives electrons from reduced quinones in the plasma membrane, passing them through cytochrome b, Fe-S centers, and molybdopterin to nitrate. The three-subunit aPy enzyme contains cytochrome b in one subunit, an Fe3S4 center as well as three Fe4S4 clusters in another, and the molybdenum cofactor in the third.87 Nitrate reduction to nitrite is also on the pathway of denitrification, which can lead to release of nitrogen as NO, NzO, and N2 by the action of dissimi-latory nitrite reductases. These enzymes873 have been discussed in Chapters 16 and 18. 

In the absence of 02 the E. coli FNR protein induces proteins of the anaerobic respiration pathways. Nitrate also has its own two-component system that senses nitrate availability and activates transcription of enzymes catalyzing nitrate respiration.162 An expanded two-component system induces sporulation in Bacillus subtilis in response to poor growth conditions.163164 The crystal structure of one of two response regulators (SpoOF) has a structure closely related to that of CheY and the nitrate response regulator NarL. 

Nitrate respiration can support the synthesis of ATP, while proton pumping has been quantified for several physiological substrates. Stoichiometries of about 4H+/NO, and 2H+/N03" have been found for L-malate and formate, and succinate, D-lactate and glycerol respectively. There is evidence that about one mole of ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation per mole of nitrate reduced.1440... 

Organisms with anaerobic mitochondria can be divided into two different types those which perform anaerobic respiration and use an alternative electron acceptor present in the environment, such as nitrate or nitrite, and those which perform fermentation reactions using an endogenously produced, organic electron acceptor, such as fumarate (Martin et al. 2001 Tielens et al. 2002). An example of the first type is the nitrate respiration that occurs in several ciliates (Finlay et al. 1983), and fungi (Kobayashi et al. 1996 Takaya et al. 2003), which use nitrate and/or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor of their mitochondrial electron-transport chain, producing nitrous oxide as... 

Finlay BJ, Span ASW, Harman JM (1983) Nitrate respiration in primitive eukaryotes. Nature... 

There are two fermentative processes that at first appear to be quite similar to oxygen and nitrate-dependent respirations the reduction of C02 to methane and of sulfate to sulfide. However, on closer examination, it is clear that they bear little resemblance to the process of denitrification. In the first place, the reduction of C02 and of sulfate is carried out by strict anaerobes, whereas nitrate reduction is carried out by aerobes only if oxygen is unavailable. Equally important, nitrate respirers contain a true respiratory chain sulfate and C02 reducers do not. Furthermore, the energetics of these processes are very different. Whereas the free energy changes of 02 and nitrate reduction are about the same, the values are much lower for C02 and sulfate reduction. In fact, the values are so low that the formation of one ATP per H2 or NADH oxidized cannot be expected. Consequently, not all the reduction steps in methane and sulfide formation can be coupled to ATP synthesis. Only the reduction of one or two intermediates may yield ATP by electron transport phosphorylation, and the ATP gain is therefore small, as is typical of fermentative reactions. 

Nitrate respiration combined with nitrite respiration... 

NO,- Reduction Nitrate reductase NO,- Plants, animals, soil bacteria, yeasts (if undergoing "nitrate respiration Mo Mo... 

Wolgast, D. M., Carlucci, A. F., and Baure, J. E. (1998). Nitrate respiration associated with detrital aggregates in aerobic bottom waters of the abyssal NE pacific. Deep Sea Res. II. 45, 881892. 

Herbert, R. A., and NedweU, D. B. (1990). Role of environmental factors in regulating nitrate respiration in intertidal sediments. In Denitrification in Soil and Sediment (Revsbech, N. P., and Sorenson, J., eds.). Plenum Press, New York. pp. 77—90. 

Flanagan, D. A., Gregory, L. G., Carter, J. P., Karakas-Sen, A., Itichardson, D. J., and Spiro, S. (1999). Detection of genes for periplasmic nitrate reductase in nitrate respiring bacteria and in community DNA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 177, 26 i—210. 

Hentschel U, Felbeck H. Nitrate respiration in the hydrothermal 62. vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. Nature 1993 366 338-340. 

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is an anaerobic pathway that is insensitive to NH4 and yields energy. The first step of the process is termed nitrate respiration because it is coupled to electron transport phosphorylation that generates ATP ... 

Nitrate respiration is widely found among microorganisms, some of which further reduce NO2 to NH ... 

Senko J. M. and Stolz J. F. (2001) Evidence for iron-dependent nitrate respiration in the dissimulatory iron-reducing bacterium Geobacter metallireducens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 3750-3752. 

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