Bacillus subtilis, proteolytic enzymes

Bovine lung or mucous QAE Sephadex A50 Proteases of Bacillus subtilis Proteolytic enzymes from pig pancreas... 

DNA polymerase I has been purified to homogeneity. When the pure enzyme is treated with subtilisin, a proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis, the polymerase is cleaved into two pieces. The small fragment retains the 5 to 3 nuclease activity, whereas the larger piece, called a Klenow fragment, has both polymerase activity and the 3 to 5 exonuclease activity. The Klenow fragment is sold commercially for use in labeling DNA for use in detecting recombinant DNA. 

Yet another proteolytic preparation used for debridement of wounds and skin ulcers consists of proteolytic enzymes derived from Bacillus subtilis. The preparation displays broad proteolytic activity and is usually applied several times daily to the wound surface. 

SUtilains [ban, inn, usan] (BAX 1515 Travase ) is an ENZYME derived from Bacillus subtilis. It is a proteolytic enzyme used for wound debridement in moist conditions, suxamethonium chloride [ban. inn] (succinyichoiine chloride [usan] suxamethonium bromide [ban] succinoylcholine Scoline Quelicin Anectine ) is a bistrimethylethanaminium derivative, a NICOTINIC CHOLINOCEPTOR AGONIST, a (depolarizing) NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT, which can be used as a SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANT in anaesthesia relaxant. Its action is short-lived due to hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterase, suxamethonium bromide suxamethonium chloride. 

The various a-amylases contain, per mole, at least one gram-atom of firmly bound calcium, which is required both for enzymic activity and to prevent destruction of the amylases by proteolytic enzymes. Bacillus subtilis a-amylase is unusual in that it also contains small proportions of zinc and exists as a dimer which is crosslinked by a zinc atom. Removal of the zinc does not inactivate the enzyme. 

ISynonyms/Trade Names Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis BPN, Bacillus subtilis Carlsburg, Proteolytic enzymes, I Subtilisin BPN, Subtilisin Carlsburg [Note Commercial proteolytic enzymes are used in laundry detergents.] ... 

Flindt, M.H.L. (1969). Pulmonary disease due to the inhalation of derivatives of Bacillus subtilis containing proteolytic enzyme. Lancet, (i), 1177-1180. 

Gothe C-J, Nilzen A, Holmgren A, Szamosi A, Werner M, Wide L (1972a) Medical problems in the detergent industry caused by proteolytic enzymes from bacillus subtilis. Acta Allergol 27 63-86... 

Flindt MLH (1969) Pulmonary disease due to inhalation of derivatives of bacillus subtilis containing proteolytic enzymes. Lancet 1 1177-1181... 

Currently, commercial chitin and chitosan are extracted from industrial shellfish processing wastes (shrimp, crab, lobster). The seasonal character of those raw materials and the variability of the composition of the organisms make the process of chitin extraction rather expensive with low reprodudbillty. Moreover, they are subjected to environmental variations that impact on the products supply and quality [14,40,116]. Chitin is extracted from crustacean shells by the use of strong adds and/or bases that can cause deacetylation and depolymerization of chitin [119]. Alternative methods include the use of enzymes or proteolytic microorganisms (e.g.. Pseudomonas malto-philia, Bacillus subtilis. Streptococcus faecium, Aspergillus oryzae) that hydrolyze shellfish proteins and leave the associated chitin intact [119]. 

Production and use of detergents containing proteolytic enzymes of bacterial origin maybe a source of HP due to inhalation of enzyme vapors (Bacillus subtilis) (Tripathi and Grammer 2001). 

Synonyms Alcalase Bacillus subtilis Carisberg Detergent enzyme Maxalase Protease, bacterial, alkaline Proteinase Proteolytic enzymes Subtilisin Sublili-sin Carisberg Subtilisins ClassiTication Enzyme... 

Enzymes, ) derived from pancreatic extracts of slaughtered animals, were introduced already in 1913 into formulations of d. Only with the invention of proteolytic enzymes, derived from Bacillus subtilis or B. licheniformis, which are stable against alkali and higher temperatures, enzymes received a permanent position in d. Amylases are second in importance and attack starch-based soil. Lipases are used to remove remaining greasy soil. Cellulases are added in special d. to remove cotton fluffs and smoothen the surface of cotton fibers. 

Enzyme level and activity are tightly regulated. The level of PRAT in bacterial cultures is repressed by adenine and guanine or their nucleosides. Based on Northern analysis, expression of the yeast enzyme is transcriptionally regulated (Mantsaia and Zalkin, 1984a). The activity of the enzyme from all cell sources examined is apparently subject to allosteric control (Switzer, 1989). In B. subtilis, the enzyme is specifically inactivated and proteolytically degraded in nutrient-starved cells. The Bacillus enzyme contains a (4Fe-4S) cluster whereas the enzyme from E. coli does not (Switzer, 1989). The enzyme from yeast and animal sources also appears to contain an Fe - S cluster. The presence or absence of an Fe-S center in the plant enzyme has not been investigated. The possibility that the Fe-S center is involved in the Oj-dependent inactivation of this enzyme in Bacillus has been presented (Makaroff et ai, 1983). 

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