Bacillus subtilis properties

It has been known for a long time that solar UV irradiation is the greatest danger for unprotected spores. A multilayer system with an aluminium covering, and containing added protective materials such as glucose (up to 10-4 M), had clear protective properties. The high resistance of the Bacillus subtilis spores is probably due to two effects ... 

Finally, the antifungal properties of a-pinene and limonene, two monoter-penes frequently found in the defensive secretion of Nasutitermes termites, was studied. In vitro assays showed that these molecules reduce spore germination of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae through direct and indirect (vapor) contact [225]. Moreover, some diterpenes isolated from these insects have also an antibiotic activity on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis [226]. 

Cyclo(Leu-Trp), a bitter compound isolated from the fermentation of milk casein by Bacillus subtilis, opened up the field to flavor and fragrance properties. It was further noted that dipeptides became more bitter when blockage of both the amino and carboxyl groups occurred or the dipeptide was converted into a DKP. This phenomenon opened the field of taste exhibition. ... 

Moir, D. Paulus, H. Properties and subunit structure of aspartokinase II from Bacillus subtilis VB217. J. Biol. Chem., 252, 4648-4654 (1977)... 

Schultz, C.P. Ylisastigui-Pons, L. Serina, L. Sakamoto, H. Mantsch, H.H. Neuhard, J. Barzu, 0. Gilles, A.M. Structural and catalytic properties of CMP kinase from Bacillus subtilis a comparative analysis with the homologous enzyme from Escherichia coli. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 340, 144-153 (1997)... 

The presence of soil complicates metal removal because soils sorb metals strongly and can also affect microbial—metal complexation. Walkeretal. (1989) showed that purified preparations of cell walls from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (423 to 973 mmol metal/g cell wall) were more effective than either of two clays, kaolinite (0.46 to 37 mmol metal/g clay), or smectite (1 to 197 nmol metal/g clay), in the binding of seven different metals. However, in the presence of cell-wall/clay mixtures, binding was reduced. In summary, there are several parameters that affect metal complexation. These include specific surface properties of the organism, cell metabolism, metal type, and the physicochemical parameters of the environment. 

Puhan, Z. 1969. Composition and properties of a rennet substitute from Bacillus subtilis. J. Dairy Sci. 52, 889-889. 

Anema, P. J. 1964. Purification and properties of 3-galactosidase of Bacillus subtilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 89, 495-502. 

The same enzyme has been highly purified from another strain (strain K) of Bacillus subtilis, and their properties have been fully investigated by Yamasaki and Arima (119, 120). They have confirmed the findings by Nishimura and Maruo and have found, moreover, that ATP and dATP strongly inhibit the enzyme. Yamasaki and Arima suggested that ATP might participate in the regulation of intracellular RNase activity. 

A number of catechols of lower molecular weight, which have siderophoric properties, have been isolated. Examples are shown in Figure 46. All organisms synthesizing enterobactin also form 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine, while a number of related species are also present. One of these, itoic acid, from Bacillus subtilis was the first phenolate siderophoric ligand to be isolated.1185... 

Disaccharides analogous to sucrose, but having different rings might have useful biological properties. Galactosucrose was obtained by a multistep sequence from sucrose in 27% overall yield.235 An enzymatic route to this derivative, involving the fructosyltransferase (FTF) from Bacillus subtilis NCIMB... 

Among the microbial surfactant producers, Bacillus subtilis strains generate a lipopeptide called surfactin, one of the most effective biosurfactants known. This biomolecule is usually a cyclic compound consisting of seven amino acids bonded to a lipid moiety. Surfactin is effective in lowering the surface tension of water to <30 dyn/cm (17), which is comparable with the values obtained by conventional synthetic surfactants. Additionally, surfactin preparations have other interesting characteristics, including antibiotic and antiviral properties (18). In fact, surfactin is one of the few biosurfactants that has found commercial use (19). 

Among hydrolases with allergenic properties used in the food industry there are a-amylases, amyloglucosidases, glucoamylases, cellulases, hemicellulases, pecti-nases, lipoxygenases, and xylanases (Bindslev-Jensen et al. 2006, Cullinan et al. 1997, Houba et al. 1997, Kanerva and Vanhanen 1999, 2001, Scheibe et al. 2001). Most of these enzymes are synthesized by A. otyzae fungi or Bacillus subtilis bacteria. 

As indicated in Table 2-4, 2-nitrophenol did not increase the frequency of reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium or in Escherichia coli in the presence or absence of metabolic activation, nor did it induce DNA damage when tested in Bacillus subtilis. No data were available regarding genotoxic properties of 2-nitrophenol in eukaryotic organisms. 

The next important property of PolyP-PHB complexes is their effect on DNA transfer into bacterial cells. It was the striking correlation between PolyP-PHB concentrations and transformation efficiencies in Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus subtilis and E. coli that led Reusch and Sadoff (1988) to postulate that the complexes are involved in DNA transmembrane transport. 

Besides ACE-inhibitory and antioxidative activities, other biological properties have been reported for protein hydrolysates and their associated bioactive peptides. For example, earlier studies demonstrated a hypolipidemic effect of fish protein (Bergeron and Jacques, 1989 Zhang and Beynen, 1993). A recent study by Tanaka et al. (2006) demonstrated production of protein hydrolysates from oyster prepared with aloase, an endoprotease from Bacillus subtilis, and... 

Nishimura, T., Kometani, T., Takii, H.,Terada, Y., and Okada, S. 1994. Purification and some properties of a-amylase from Bacillus subtilis X-23 that glucosylates phenolic compounds such as hydroquinone. /. Ferment. Bioeng., 78, 31-36. 

When the Knoevenagel adducts formed from aldehydes with dimedone were reacted with dihydropyridazine-dione 156 (Scheme 30), pyridazino indazole triones 157 were obtained under solvent-free conditions in moderate yields [67]. The compounds were tested for their antibacterial properties against E. coli (ATCC 25922), P aeruginusa (ATCC 85327), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 465) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) (Table 11). Compounds 158-160 were found to be more active than Amoxicillin against E. coli but less potent than Norfloxacin. None of the reported compounds was active against S. aureus. 

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