B-Mannitol

FIGURE 1.2 Dark-field TEM images of (a) unmodified and (b) mannitol-modified catalysts. 

B. Mannitol may reverse the effects of ciguatoxin by osmotically reducing sodium entry into cells, causing water efflux from cells, and may act as a scavenger for hydroxyl radicals on ciguatoxin molecules. 

B. Mannitol causes movement of Intracellular water to the extracellular space and can produce both transient hyperosmolality and hyponatremia. 

Fig. 14.24 Shows SEM pictures of two interactive mixtures (a) mannitol 2, indented mannitol carrier spray dried at OUt = 97 °C with an avoage shape of category 4.9 (b) mannitol 5, spherical mannitol carrier spray dried at Tom = 71 °C with an average shape of category 1.4— both blended with 1 wt-% SBS [11]...

Spectral searching and stripping in the analysis of a mixture of mannitol and cocaine hydrochloride, (a) IR spectrum for the mixture (b) Library IR spectrum of mannitol (c) Result of subtracting mannitol s IR spectrum from that of the mixture ... 

The apparent acid strength of boric acid is increased both by strong electrolytes that modify the stmcture and activity of the solvent water and by reagents that form complexes with B(OH) 4 and/or polyborate anions. More than one mechanism may be operative when salts of metal ions are involved. In the presence of excess calcium chloride the strength of boric acid becomes comparable to that of carboxyUc acids, and such solutions maybe titrated using strong base to a sharp phenolphthalein end point. Normally titrations of boric acid are carried out following addition of mannitol or sorbitol, which form stable chelate complexes with B(OH) 4 in a manner typical of polyhydroxy compounds. EquiUbria of the type ... 

B. 3,4-O-Isopropylidene-L-mannitol (3). A 2-L, single-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with... 

When Shallenberger and coworkers attempted to explain the sweetness of /8-D-fructopyranose, they intuitively assigned the anomeric 2-hydroxyl group as AH and the oxygen atom of the 2-(hydroxymethyl) substituent as B. This assignment has since been supported by Lindley and Birch. It was shown that 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (15, 2-deoxy-D-fructopyranose ) and jS-D-arabinopyranose (22) (in both of which, one of the AH or B units... 

Fig. 4. Domain complementation schemes. (A) A domain complementation. The H554A site-directed mutant is inactive in P-enolpyruvate-dependent mannitol phosphorylation because it cannot accept a phosphoryl group from P-FIpr. The measure of A domain activity is its ability to restore mannitol phosphorylation activity to this mutant. A domain activity in the AB subcloned protein can also be measured. (B) B domain complementation. The C384S site-directed mutant is inactive in P-enolpyruvate-dependent mannitol phosphorylation because it cannot pass the phosphoryl group from H554 on its own A domain to mannitol. The measure of B domain activity is its ability to restore mannitol phosphorylation activity to this mutant. B domain activity in the AB subcloned protein can also be measured. (C) C domain complementation. The activity of the C domain is measured by complementation with the purified AB domain.

The function of the B domain has been confirmed by subcloning and preliminary kinetic measurements. We subcloned the AB domain of E. coli II, residues 348-637, after inserting a restriction site at a position corresponding to residue 348. The purified protein restored mannitol phosphorylation activity when measured with the A domain assay in Fig. 4A, and the B domain assay in Fig. 4B [42]. The B domain... 

Stable heterologous complexes are not necessary to explain the limited P-enolpyr-uvate-dependent mannitol phosphorylation kinetic data now available from domain complementation assays transient complexes between domains are sufficient. The challenge remains, however, to visualize how a subcloned A or B domain would be able to transiently associate with an A or B domain on an dimer or tetramer,... 

Fig. 9. Transfer of mannitol bound to inside-out vesicles to the cytoplasmic volume. (A) Unphos-phorylated ll ". (B) Phosphorylated 11 . It is assumed that the phosphoryl group transfer from the enzyme to the sugar can only take place when the sugar is bound the cytoplasmic-facing binding site, E-Pcyt Mtl (see also Fig. 6).

The phosphoryl group transfer from the phosphoryl group donor to the sugar may proceed through multiple steps. For instance, in the case of 11 there is the transfer from P-HPr to domain A, then an internal transfer from domain A to domain B and finally to mannitol. 

Fig. 10. Mechanisms of steady-slqte kinetics of sugar phosphorylation catalyzed by E-IIs in a non-compartmentalized system. (A) The R. sphaeroides 11 model. The model is based on the kinetic data discussed in the text. Only one kinetic route leads to phosphorylation of fructose. (B) The E. coli ll " model. The model in Fig. 8 was translated into a kinetic scheme that would describe mannitol phosphorylation catalyzed by Il solubilized in detergent. Two kinetic routes lead to phosphorylation of mannitol. Mannitol can bind either to state EPcy, or EPpe,. E represents the complex of SF (soluble factor) and 11 and II in A and B, respectively. EP represents the phosphorylated states of the E-IIs. Subscripts cyt and per denote the orientation of the sugar binding site to the cytoplasm and periplasm, respectively. PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate.

Green, C.J., Healing, G., Simpkin, S., FuUer, B.J. and Lunec, J. (1986b). Reduced susceptibUity to lipid peroxidation in cold ischaemic rabbit kidneys after addition of desferrioxamine, mannitol or uric acid to the flush solution. Cryobiology 23, 358-365. 

Meyer, F.B., Tally, P.W., Anderson, R.E., Sundt, T.M., Yaksh, T.L. and Sharbrough, F.W. (1987). Treatment of experimental focal cerebral ischemia with mannitol. Assessment by intracellular brain pH, cortical blood flow, and EEC. 

Figure 9 Influence of hexamethylene amiloride, an Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, on the corneal and conjunctival permeability of (A) mannitol and (B) atenolol. Error bars denote mean SEM for n = 4. (Kompella, Kim, and Lee, unpublished data.)...

Figure 7 The effect of chamber pressure on the rate of primary drying, (a) 0.18 M methylprednisolone sodium succinate 2 mL in molded vials (2.54 cm2), shelf temperature +45°C. (Smoothed data from Ref. 6.) (b) Dobutamine hydrochloride and mannitol (4% w/w in water), 12 mL in tubing vials (5.7 cm2) and shelf surface temperature +10°C. (MJ Pikal. Unpublished data.) (Modified from Ref. 1.)... 

Kaup, B., Bringer-Meyer, S. and Sahm, H. (2004) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coir, construction of an efficient biocatalyst for D-mannitol formation in a whole-cell biotransformation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 64 (3), 333-339. 

Inhibitors of several enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, upon which survival of T. brucei is dependent, have been described. Lonidamine (29) has been shown to inhibit T. brucei hexokinase (IC50 = 850 pM) and be toxic to the parasite (T.b. LD50 = 50 pM) in culture [31]. A series of mannitol derivatives have been discovered, which inhibit T. brucei phos-phofructokinase (TbPFK) [32]. The most potent compound (30) within this series exhibits an IC50 = 23 pM in a recombinant enzyme assay and inhibits parasite growth in vitro (IC50 = 30 pM). 

FIGURE 1.1 Structures of organic compounds referred to in the text (a) sucrose (also known as saccharose), (b) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), (c) dimethylformamide (DMF), (d) sorbitol, (e) mannitol, (f) nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), (g) citric acid, (h) N,N,N, N -fran,s-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-tetraacetic acid (CyTA), (i) saccharic acid, (j) glutamic acid. 

FIGURE 1.4 Decomposition of (a) cobalt nitrate solution and (b) cobalt nitrate-mannitol solution, measured by TGA and DTA. 

FIGURE 1.7 Visible spectroscopy of (a) mannitol solution (b) cobalt nitrate solution (c) cobalt nitrate with six equivalents of mannitol (d) cobalt nitrate with six equivalents of mannitol after heating to boiling and (e) cobalt nitrate solution with excess mannitol. 

The answer is b. (Hardman, pp 695-697.) A significant increase in the amount of any osmotically active solute in voided urine is usually accompanied by an increase in urine volume Osmotic diuretics affect diuresis through this principle. The osmotic diuretics (such as mannitol) are nonelectrolytes that are freely filtered at the glomerulus, undergo limited re absorption by the renal tubules, retain water in the renal tubule, and promote an osmotic diuresis, generally without significant Na excretion. Ln addition, these diuretics resist alteration by metabolic processes. 

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