B , calibration

Figure 24. (a) Absorption spectra of a calcium-selective optode membrane (DOS/PVC) based on KBC-002 after equilibration with pH-buffered (0.1 M boric acid/0.1 M TMAC1 pH 9.0) calcium solutions and (b) calibration curve for the optode at 550 nm for Ca2+ ( ). 

Fig. 6.14 (a) OFRR vapor sensor responses to DNT vapor samples extracted with various sampling time at room temperature, (b) Calibration curve of DNT mass extracted by on SPME fiber under various extraction times at room temperature... 

FIGURE 1.43 Representative HPLC chromatograms of vitamin D metabolites.162 (A) late-eluting peaks (B) calibrator in extracted serum (C) sample from patient with low 25(OH)D3 treated with vitamin D2 (D) sample from patient with high concentrations of 25(OH)D3. Int. Std. = internal standard mAU = milliabsorbance units. (Reproduced with permission from the American Association for Clinical Chemistry.)... 

Fig. 31 (A) Principle of a sandwich immunoassay using FDA particulate labels. The analyte is first immobilized by the capture antibody preadsorbed on the solid phase (a) and then exposed to antibody-coated microparticle labels (b). Every microparticle contains 108 FDA molecules. High signal amplification is achieved after solubilisation, release, and conversion of the precursor FDA into fluorescein molecules by the addition of DMSO and NaOH (c). (B) Calibration curves of IgG-FDA microcrystal labels with increasing surface coverage of detector antibody (a-d) compared with direct FITC-labeled detector antibody (e). The fluorescence signals increase with increasing IgG concentration. FDA microcrystals with a high IgG surface coverage (c,d) perform better than those with lower surface coverage (a,b). (Reprinted with permission from [189]. Copyright 2002 American Chemical Society)...

As illustrated in Figure 15, the search for the MW calibration of an unknown polymer from the universal calibration curve requires an on-line SEC viscosity detector. Since narrow MW standards are not available for most commercial and experimental polymer samples, the determination of the polymer [b] calibration would not be possible without an on-line SEC viscosity detector. Once the [q] calibration for the unknown polymer is established, the polymer MW calibration can then be deduced from the universal calibration curve as indicated by the approaches shown in Figure 15. 

Figure 7.3—Characteristics of stationary phases usedfor gelfiltration or gel permeation, a) graph indicating the mass range for each of the phases b) calibration curves (M — f(V)) of these phases with different proteins and polymers of known masses.

Fig. 8a and b. Calibration dependence (a) and chromatograms (b) of poly(diethylene glycol adipate) in methylethyl ketoneS5). (the cross-hatched regions indicate the calculated values of VR for N = 5 — 15)... 

Fig. 6.4. (a) Example of a CC-mode measurement of different Cd2+-ion concentrations with constant pH value. (b) Calibration plot of the Cd2+- and pH-LAPS structure for different Cd2+-ion concentrations (for absolute voltage values). 

Fig. 50.2. (A) Typical detection plot for interleukin IB standards assayed in parallel in Immuchip micro-channels (B) calibration obtained by plotting the values of the slopes of the enzyme reactions as a function of the concentration of the interleukin IB standards from 0 to 297 pg/mL (0-17.5 pM).

Fig. 11 t-DLR-based pH imaging of several independent samples simultaneously, a Surface plot of a sensor array contained on the bottom of the wells of a microtiter plate (8 x 12 wells). The wells were filled with buffer of defined pH to obtain 12 independent data points for each pH. The acquisition time was 800 ms. b Calibration plot R versus pH of the f-Dl.R pH sensor. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the 12 wells [18]... 

Figure 16.17. (a) NIR spectra of a highly calcareous soil (1) before and (2) after treatment with acid for removal of carbonates. The carbonate (i.e., CaC03) spectrum is included for additional comparison (3). (b) Calibration for near-infrared spectroscopy based on total soil C measured by dry combustion (actual). Deviation is represented by RMSD (McCarty et al., 2002). 

Figure 8.13 Dynamic volumetric gas adsorption apparatus, (A) sample compartment, (B) calibrated volume bowls, (C) cryogenic trap, (D) manometer, (E) evacuation line, (F) circulation pump.

Figure 6. Catalytic response of PPy-GOD film to glucose, (a) Current response at PPy-GOD film electrodes with successive additions of 2.5 mM glucose solution (1) 80 A film and (2) 2000 A film, in PB buffer (pH 7.4) at 1.0 V. (b) Calibration curves. 1 80 A film, 2 2000 A film.

FIGURE 5.5 Graphical displays for the methanol model at 2274 nm without an intercept term (the model is constrained to go through the origin) using all 11 calibration samples. The RMSEC is 15.96% methanol, (a) Actual calibration model (-) and measured values ( ). (b) Calibration residual plot, (c) A plot of estimated values against the actual values for the calibration samples the drawn line is the line of equality. 

Greensill, C.V., Wolfs, P.J., Spiegelman, C.H., and Walsh, K.B., Calibration transfer between PDA-based NIR spectrometers in the NIR assessment of melon soluble solids content, Appl. Spectrosc., 55, 647-653, 2001. 

FIGURE 6.11 Second loading vector and calibration vector of sucrose for the biscuit dough data set, computed with (a) second loading of vector and (b) calibration vector of sucrose for the biscuit dough data set, computed with CPCR and RPCR [61]. 

Fig. 7 (a) Baseline-corrected square wave voltammetric guanine signals for 5 Jig/ml of target, mismatch and noncomplementary sequence (b) Calibration plot for the target, mismatch and control noncomplementary sequences. Probe immobilization (15 xg/ml in a stirred 8 x SSC buffer solution) 5 min at + 0.5 V hybridization 10 pi of the target, mismatch and noncomplementary sequence solutions (3, 4, 5, 6 pg/ml in 2 x SSC buffer) onto the working electrode surface for 10 min 1 min rinsing in acetate buffer 0.25 M (pH 4.7) measurement square wave voltammetric scan (frequency = 200 Hz, step potential = 15 mV, amplitude = 40 mV) in an unstirred acetate buffer solution, between + 0.2 and + 1.4 V [26]... 

Figure 15. (A) Amperometric recordings obtained at CPE-GOx (a) and at CNTPE-GOx (b) for successive additions of 5 mM glucose. The content of GOx was 10.0% w/w in both electrodes. (B) Calibration plot obtained from amperometric recordings for successive additions of 2 mM glucose. Working potential - 0.100 V. Supporting electrolyte 0.050 M phosphate buffer solution, pEI 7.40. From reference 46.

Fig. 3.17 Principle of the interpolative standard addition method (a) Rs signal measured for the sample, R0-R3 signals measured for the standard solutions, (b) Calibration graph (a) obtained by plotting AR against sample concentration (c) Cx calculated analyte concentration in the sample...

Sample Binding energy of V2psp and Ols (eV) (FWHM) b Calibration Reference... 

Fig. 8. (a) LIF signal intensity versus laser energy from the excited CH B-X fli(12) rind the excited CN B-X Pi,2(10) lines, (b) Calibration of the detection system by N2 Rayleigh scattering. Right side Schematic description of the Rayleigh scattering calibration procedure for the measurement of absolute CH radical concentration NcH Details are described in the text. 

Figure 12. (A) The amperometric response of (a) a polypyrrole-viologen-nitrate reductase electrode and (b) an identical electrode constructed without the enzyme, in response to injections (a) increasing the nitrate concentration by 3.5 pM, and (y) of buffer. (B) Calibration curves (inset smaller concentration range) for the response to nitrate of a polypyrrole-viologen-nitrate reductase electrode at —0.7 V vs. SCE. Adapted from Ref. [106a with permission.

Fig.l Insecticide analysis by the internal standard method (a) chromatogram (b) calibration curve. 1 Benzanilide (internal standard) 2 methyl-A-hydroxythioacetimidate 3 metho-myl. (From Ref. 5.)... 

Figure 19.4 Typical phantom calibration curve measurement, (a) 191 MR spectrum of compound and reference standard (left) tecastemizole (right) potassium fluoride, (b) Calibration curve of tecastemizole concentration measured analytically by LC-MS versus that measured using l9F MR.

Figure 1.6. (a) Chemical structure of fluorescamine, and (b) calibration curves obtained for different proteins. [Reprinted, with permission, from R Bohlen, S. Stein, W. Dairman, and S. Undenfriend, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 155, 1973, 213-220. Fluorometric Assay of Proteins in the Nanogram range. Copyright 1973 by Academic Press, Inc.]... 

Figure 7.2. (a) Ferrocene-mediated glucose sensor (b) calibration curves recorded in N2, air, and 02-saturated solutions. 

Figure 7.4. (a) Diagram of phenyl acetate sensor and (b) calibration curve. 

---