B Bacteria

Anthrax can be of different types and the symptoms depend on the routes of exposure. The most common form of anthrax is the cutaneous or skin anthrax accounting for more than 90% of all cases. Anthrax spores enter into the skin of the host species, human or animal through small cuts or abrasion and become active producing poisonous toxins. Infection begins with symptoms of swelling and bleeding. The initial signs of this disease in humans may appear in 1 to 5 days after exposure. The sore may initially look 

Diagnosis and Treatment Skin anthrax may be diagnosed from the biopsy of the sore and performing microscopic examination of the organism. Inhalation anthrax however, is difficult to diagnose. Chest x-ray, lab cultures and blood tests should be carried out. Rapid laboratory tests may be carried out to diagnose anthrax. Such tests include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) methods. 

Treatment of anthrax involves antibiotic therapy for several weeks. Inhalation anthrax must be treated right away because the bacteria spread rapidly. Ciprofloxacin, doxycy-cline, penicillin and others are some of the antibiotics used to prevent the disease from progressing to the entire body. Series of vaccinations and boosters that are available may be administered as preventative measures against anthrax for any possible biological warfare attack. 

Plague has been one of the worst human pandemics throughout history. Its use as a biological warfare agent, however, is not known. The disease is attributed to the bacteria Yersinia pestis, and caused mostly from bites of rat flea. The animals that transmit this disease are mostly black rats and the rock and ground squirrels. When the flea bites an infected animal the bacteria enter into the body of the flea and multiply inside. When the infected flea attempts to bite again it vomits clotted blood and bacteria into the bloodstream of the victim, either human or a small mammal, usually rat. Thus the disease is mostly transmitted from rodents from the bites of infected fleas. 

If the plague bacteria were to be dispersed in the air, a more likely scenario in a war or a terrorist attack, inhalation of such contaminated air can result in an outbreak of primary pneumonic plague. However, if the fleas in a less likely scenario were used to carry the plague organisms bubonic or the septicemic form of the disease can spread. 

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Dextran resulting from the action of another strain of L. mesenteroides (designated for convenience, strain B) was more soluble than strain A dextran and exhibited somewhat different immunological reactions. This strain B dextran reacted only slightly with pneumococcus Type XII antisera and had a narrower zone of antigenic reactivity than the strain A dextran. In addition, the strain A organisms exhibited a greater capacity to absorb antibodies reactive with the B dextran than did the B bacteria to absorb antibodies reactive with the A dextran. 

Fig. I Mechanism of anaerobic azo dye reduction. RM redox mediator ED electron donor b bacteria (enzyme) [14]...

FIG. 15 A comprehensive stability map illustrating the general relationship between the occurrence of various reactions important in foods, as a function of water activity, superimposed on a sorption isotherm. M, mold Y, yeast B, bacteria. The isotherm is plotted as moisture content (left y axis) versus water activity, whereas all other curves are plotted as relative reaction rate (right y axis) versus water activity. Additional information corresponding to regions I, II, and III is given in Table IV. 

The phyletic distributions of families (E, eukaryota M, metazoa F, fungi P, Viridiplantae (plants) B, bacteria, A., archaea) and the numbers of proteins (domains) detected in the S. cerevisiae ( yeast ) and C. elegans ( worm ) genomes are shown. The rightmost column contains a representative PDB code for determined tertiary structures of the domain family, if known. 

Values assigned to each of the 22 constants in the 19 expressions used in the simulation model, and the relevant sources. The flow pathways are represented as donor -> recipient compartments. N = nitrogen pool P = phytoplankton B = bacteria F = zooflagellates L = large protozoa Z = micro-mesozooplankton (F+U) = faeces and urine (nitrogen pool). All units expressed in terms of mg, m2 and/or d. 

Fig-1- SEM micrographs of biotically aged polylactide films a) surface erosion, b) bacteria, and c) fungi on the surface of the PLLA films... 

For selective media used and details regarding soil treatments see Blum and Shafer.7 Selective media used glucose as the carbon source. b Bacteria —fast growing bacteria that produce colonies > 1 mm diameter in 6 days c pmol/g phenolic acid treatments... 

The effect of antibacterial drugs can be observed in vitro (3). Bacteria multiply in a growth medium under controlled conditions. If the medium contains an antibacterial drug, two results can be discerned (a) bacteria are killed—bactericidal effect or (b) bacteria survive, but do not multiply— bacteriostatic effect. Although variations may occur under therapeutic conditions, the different drugs can be classified according to their primary mode of action (color tone in 2 and 3). 

Calculate the potential ATP yield at 40 efficiency of energy conservation under stan dard conditions, (b) Bacteria of the genu Nitrosomonas play a role in the nitrogen cycN in nature by oxidizing NHt to NOs". Th( overall reaction is ... 

B) Bacteria resistant to aminoglycosides have characteristic alterations in the pathway of folic acid synthesis... 

FIGURE 5.6 Alkaloids in life tree. Abbreviations fim, first iife materiai caasipgn, common ancestor of aii species iiving in present giobai nature B, bacteria A, archaea E, eukaryta. 

Rguro 1 Biosensor assembly based on the Clark oxygen electrode. A, dialysis membrane B, bacteria-loaded tortuous filter C, PTFE membrane D, platinum electrode E, O ring F, silver/ silver chloride electrode G, potassium chloride solution. 

Fig. 2A-D. Representatives of aromatic polyketide metabolites produced by aromatic polyketide synthases from A, B bacteria C fungi D plants...

Scanning electron micrographs of (a) an aerobic microbial biofilm on the surface of poly-p-hydroxybutyrate (PHB bar =10 pm) and (b) bacteria surrounding a PHB granule (bar = 5 pm)... 

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