Available applications summarizing Table

Table 1 lA presents tabulations of the safety of important refrigerants, but this list does not include aU available refrigerants. Table 11-5 summarizes a limited list of comparative hazards to life of refrigerant gas and vapor. The current more applicable refrigerants from the m or manufacturers of the CFC and HCFC refrigerants and their azeotropes/ blends/mrxtures are included, but the list excludes the pure hydrocarbons such as propane, chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methyl chloride and others, inorganics, ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. See Table 11-6. The CFC compounds have a longer and more serious ozone depletion potential than the HCFC compounds, because these decompose at a much lower atmospheric level and have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes therefore, they do less damage to the ozone layer. Table 11-7 summarizes alternate refrigerants of the same classes as discussed previously. Table 11-8 correlates DuPont s SUVA refrigerant numbers to the corresponding ASHRAE numbers.

Non-Kolbe electrolysis of alicyclic p-hydroxy carboxylic acids offers interesting applications for the one-carbon ring extension of cyclic ketones (Eq. 35) [242c]. The starting compounds are easily available by Reformatsky reaction with cyclic ketones. Some examples are summarized in Table 13. Dimethylformamide as solvent and graphite as anode material appear to be optimal for this reaction. 

For capillary GC, the split/splitless inlet is by far the most common and provides an excellent injection device for most routine applications. For specialized applications, there are several additional inlets available. These include programmed temperature vaporization (PTV) cool on-column and, for packed columns, direct injection. PTV is essentially a split/splitless inlet that has low thermal mass and a heater allowing rapid heating and cooling. Cool injection, which can be performed in both split and splitless mode with the PTV inlet, reduces the possibility of sample degradation in the inlet. Capabilities of the commonly available inlets are summarized in Table 14.3. 

The research field of ortho-carborane chemistry continues to expand rapidly mainly due to the commercial availability of ort/fo-carborane itself and the recent interest of these derivatives as agents for BNCT and other applications. Synthesis of these carboranes is still dominated by reactions of decaborane with various alkynes as shown in Table 19 (Figure 2). 3-Substituted derivatives are made by capping the /[Pg.71]

The variety of spectroscopic methods now available can be used to provide considerable information on radiation effects on polymeric materials. These applications are summarized in Table I. Improvements in instrumentation and data analysis procedures are continuing and the development of new spectroscopic techniques promise new insights into polymer structure and behaviour. 

The test methods applicable to refractories are available (34). These methods are summarized in Table 16. 

The market for talc in the United States based on the 1995 U.S. Geological Survey Annual Review (3) is summarized in Table 2. Ceramics was the biggest market, having almost 35% of the total, followed by paint, paper, and plastics. Outside of the United States, especially in Asia, paper is the principal application. In that region talc is available locally at lower cost than competitive minerals such as kaolin. 

Table 10.7 summarizes the application work. It was found that EDDS increased the peracid stability when used in combination with all three phosphonates, gave enhanced dye protection, and was roughly comparable on stain removal. The most surprising result was the EDDS-HEDP combination [38], which delivered the highest and most stable peracid release, best stain removal, and best dye protection despite the very poor performance of HEDP alone. This may be explained by the opposite preference of EDDS and HEDP for metal ions at alkaline pH. HEDP seems only to complex with hardness ions and this appears to increase the selectivity of E D D S for transition metal ions by reducing the hardness ions available to bind with EDDS. 

The following section gives an overview of the different methods available to measure ozone in the gas and liquid phases. For quick reference the methods are summarized in Table 2-7 so that the reader can choose an analytical method that fits his or her system at a glance. All important information e. g. interference, detection limit, as well as the original reference with the detailed description of the method, necessary for its application can be found in this table. The methods are described in ascending order of their purchase costs. 

Numerous film fabrication methods are available, depending on the film material. Table 11.1 summarizes some of the fabrication methods. General comments on substrate preparation and the various fabrication processes are presented in the order listed in the table. Applications to specific systems are summarized according to the electrode material type, including metals, carbon, and semiconductors. Carbon is sometimes classified as a semimetal, with properties intermediate between metals and semiconductors. 

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