Automotive performance

There are no official specifications for obtaining a minimum level of engine cleanliness from a fuel. However, all additives in France are subject to approval by the Direction des Carburants (DHYCA), with the objective of having data that prove, first of all, the product to be harmless, and second, the product s effectiveness. Likewise, the automotive manufacturers, in establishing their specifications, set the minimum performance to be obtained by the fuel with regard to engine cleanliness. 

R. Baranescu and co-workers, "Prototype Development of a Methanol Engine for Heavy-Duty AppHcation-Performance and Emissions," Sy4E Paper 891655, SyPE Future Transportation Technology Conf. (Aug. 7—20,1989), Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

C. M. Urban, T. J. Timbario, and R. L. Bechtold, "Performance and Emissions of a DDC 8V-71 Engine Pueled with Cetane Improved Methanol," SyPE Paper 892064, SyPE Int. Fuels and Eubricants Meeting and Expo. (Baltimore, Md., Sept. 25—28,1989) Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 

Gels. Fluorosihcone fluids with vinyl functionahty can be cured using the platinum catalyst addition reactions. The cure can be controlled such that a gel or a soft, clear, jelly-like form is achieved. Gels with low (12% after 7 d) swell in gasoline fuel are useflil (9) to protect electronics or circuitry from dust, dirt, fuels, and solvents in both hot (up to 150°C) and cold (down to —65° C) environments. Apphcations include automotive, aerospace, and electronic industries, where harsh fuel—solvent conditions exist while performance requirements remain high. 

Acetal Resins. These are high performance plastics produced from formaldehyde that are used for automotive parts, in building products, and in consumer goods. Acetal resins (qv) are either homopolymers or copolymers of formaldehyde. Typically, the resin is produced from anhydrous formaldehyde or trioxane. The acetal resins formaldehyde demand are 9% of production (115). 

Automotive and architectural laminates of PVB develop maximum impact strength near 20°C, as shown in Figure 2. This balance is obtained by the plasticizer-to-resin ratio and the molecular weight of the resins. It has been adjusted to this optimum temperature based on environmental conditions and automobile population at various ambient temperatures. The frequency and severity of vehicle occupant injuries vs temperature ranges at the accident location have been studied (5), and the results confirm the selection of the maximum performance temperature and decreasing penetration resistance at temperature extremes. 

D. Hawke and K. Gaw, "Effects of Chemical Surface Treatments on the Performance of an Automotive Paint System on Die Cast Magnesium," Paper 920074, Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Mich., 1992. 

It is used in high grade industrial paints and, in combination with high performance pigments, in automotive finishes. The transparent type which is tinctoriaHy strong finds appHcations in a variety of printing inks. 

Commodity Phthalate Esters. The family of phthalate esters are by far the most abundandy produced woddwide. Both orthophthaUc and terephthahc acid and anhydrides are manufactured. The plasticizer esters are produced from these materials by reaction with an appropriate alcohol (eq. 1) terephthalate esterification for plasticizers is performed more abundandy in the United States. Phthalate esters are manufactured from methanol (C ) up to Qyj alcohols, although phthalate use as PVC plasticizers is generally in the range to The lower molecular weight phthalates find use in nitrocellulose the higher phthalates as synthetic lubricants for the automotive industries. 

The polymerisation process proceeds in a manner similar to that of other type AABB polyamides, such as nylon-6,6. The final resin had found apphcation in automotive and other high performance end uses but was withdrawn from the market in 1994. 

Eor high performance appHcations in the automotive industry, nylon—PPO blends with impact modifiers have been introduced (173,177). 

Electrical Properties. Polysulfones offer excellent electrical insulative capabiUties and other electrical properties as can be seen from the data in Table 7. The resins exhibit low dielectric constants and dissipation factors even in the GH2 (microwave) frequency range. This performance is retained over a wide temperature range and has permitted appHcations such as printed wiring board substrates, electronic connectors, lighting sockets, business machine components, and automotive fuse housings, to name a few. The desirable electrical properties along with the inherent flame retardancy of polysulfones make these polymers prime candidates in many high temperature electrical and electronic appHcations. 

Electrochemical Microsensors. The most successful chemical microsensor in use as of the mid-1990s is the oxygen sensor found in the exhaust system of almost all modem automobiles (see Exhaust control, automotive). It is an electrochemical sensor that uses a soHd electrolyte, often doped Zr02, as an oxygen ion conductor. The sensor exemplifies many of the properties considered desirable for all chemical microsensors. It works in a process-control situation and has very fast (- 100 ms) response time for feedback control. It is relatively inexpensive because it is designed specifically for one task and is mass-produced. It is relatively immune to other chemical species found in exhaust that could act as interferants. It performs in a very hostile environment and is reHable over a long period of time (36). 

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