Automobiles China

Huang Z, Xu Z and Wang G (2001), Development stratagem of alternative fuel of automobile, China Energy, 8,30-33. 

The poorer nations of the planet had no choice, and used bicycles and public transportation exclusively. For example, when China was under Mao Tse Tung s rule, the number of private automobiles was only in the hundreds. 

Another issue with metals is availability. For example, cobalt is not produced in the United States, but it used extensively in a wide variety of alloys and in the production of one of the most common types of lithium batteries. The availability of cobalt is crucial to several segments of American industry. For example, batteries being developed for use in automobiles powered by alternate energy sources are currently envisioned to use a lithium ion battery that also contains cobalt. However, cobalt is not the only strategic metal, and there is concern about the availability of several metals that are vital to industries in the United States, China, and Japan. There will be competition and stockpiling of strategic metals as the reserves become less accessible. 

It should be noted that Pb concentrations in this polluted air are about 100 times lower than the aerosol S levels, or are only a few tens of ng Pb/m. In the Beijing area the contribution of automotive emissions to atmospheric Pb at Xinglong is expected to be minor owing to the small amounts of leaded gasoline used privately owned automobiles, trucks, and other gasoline powered vehicles are nonexistent in China. Instead, coal combustion may be the principal source of fine particle Pb as well as K and S. 

The dependence on oil, which is behind many current economic and climate problems, did not begin until the invention of the internal combustion engine and automobiles. In 1900, 4,192 automobiles were built. By 1968, there were 271 million cars, trucks, and buses worldwide. In 1985, the number of these vehicles had jumped to more than 484 million, and by 1996, it had reached 671 million. The number of vehicles on the roads is increasing rapidly as developing countries, particularly India and China, become wealthier. Both countries already suffer serious air pollution caused by the carbon emissions from cars and trucks, as well as the burning of coal. 

European Automobile Manufacturers Association, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the Engine Manufacturers Association, and the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Associate members are from Canada, China, Korea, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa and Thailand. 

Demography is changing rapidly in many countries especially in the two countries with populations of over one billion each - China and India with surging economies in both countries the number of automobiles is fast increasing. In China, for example, the number of automobiles has been increasing at a rate of 13% per year since the 1980s there were 18 to 21 million automobiles in China in 2000 compared with 11 million barely three years earlier in 1997 it is estimated that 3,000 kg of CO is discharged from every... 

The production of ethanol by fermentation of grains and sugars is one of the oldest known organic reactions, going back at least 8()()0 years in the Middle East and perhaps as many as 9000 years in China. Fermentation is carried out by adding yeast to an aqueous sugar solution, wlicic cnz.yines break down carbohydrates into ethanol and CO2. As noted in the chapter introduction, approximately 4 billion gallons of ethanol is produced each year in the United States by fermentation, with essentially the entire amount used to make E85 automobile fuel. 

Since the pollutants from automobiles have greatly increased with the rapid increase of automobiles in recent years in China, the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China decreed the first regulation controlling pollutants from automobiles in 1983. Successes have been scored in some large cities in the implementation of the regulation in their battle against pollution. The catalysts currently used for this purpose are mainly those containing noble metals of Pt, Pd, Rh etc. But it would be valuable to develop non-noble metal oxide catalysts in view of the rich resources and low cost in China. 

The transition might not start with cars. Scooters are an inexpensive substitute for cars in many countries. Several companies believe fuel cell scooters can be a viable option in these countries. Gasoline-powered scooters have been banned from cities such as Beijing and Shanghai because of the amount of pollution they spew. These bikes and scooters are very popular in Beijing, where the scooters sell for less than 300. In response to such bans, a market in electric bicycles and scooters has developed. While these bikes do not travel at the speeds of scooters, they are considerably cheaper. China Daily (2006) reports that China plans on producing 30 million electric bikes per year by 2010 and notes that "electric bike production in China accounts for about 90% of the world s total." While these bikes are not powered by fuel cells, they do offer speedy transportation at a fraction of the cost of automobiles. 

The LCA theory contains four phases, which are definition of the purpose and scope of the study, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of the results (Ge, J. Gong, M., 2008). Many studies in China have used the LCA theory in construction, agriculture, air conditioning manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, waste disposal and other fields. However, these studies have tended to focus on the size of the environmental impact analysis and they have rarely... 

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