Automated mapping

If the procedure wf premap is called with a filled save-set, the interactive part is skipped, and the geometry of the 4 chps is taken from the save-set. For each clip, the position of the spot maximum is computed. Prom these positions, the fiber tilt angle (3 is computed, and the image is centered and ahgued. Finally, the mapping into reciprocal space is accomplished by the routine wf map. The function call 

The structure inside a polymer part is not necessarily homogeneous. With fibers, extrudates, and latex particles [21] frequently a core-shell structure is reported. Moreover, engineers deliberately generate structure gradients in polymer parts for special functionality [22,23]. 

If such a part is irradiated by an X-ray beam, the recorded pattern is an integral superposition of all the SAXS patterns emerging from the sequence of volume elements (voxels) along the beam path. FVom the mathematical point of view such a superposition is a projection, and a single projection is of little use for the study of graded materials. 

In a general tomographic X-ray experiment [29], a voluminous sample is scanned by a thin X-ray beam. As a function both of the position a of the scanning beam on the sample, 

In the equation, only the accumulated attenuation of the primary beam by X-ray absorption is not accounted for. This is no problem for very thin pol5rmer parts with low absorption. For thicker samples the absorption correction from Section 16.2 is sufficient to account 

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Engineering Committee surveyed member companies in 1995 about mapping requirements and practices. Of the 27 companies that responded, 12 used com-puterbased mapping systems, 12 others were planning to automate their mapping systems, and 3 reported that they had no plan to automate mapping records [66]. 

The lateral resolution of 0.5 allows experiments at the subcellular level. Initial work has concentrated on the localization of elements In specific sites of the tissue. Typical examples involve the assessment of aluminium levels in the bones of chronic haemodialysis patients, the study of lead accumulation in kidneys and calcifications in intraperitoneal soft tissue as a result of chronic lead intoxication, and the detection of several heavy metals in the amalgam tattoos of the oral mucose membrane and human gingiva in direct contact with dental alloys. The relatively low lateral resolution, the lack of automated mapping and the almost impossible quantization strongly hinder the use of LMMS, especially in view of analytical electron microscopy (AEM) with X-ray analysis and the emerging possibilities of nuclear microscopy. 

A. Carrillat, T. Randen, L. Spnneland, and G. Elvebakk (2002) Automated mapping of carbonate mounds using 3D seismic texture attributes. Proceedings of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Annual Meeting. 

A fully automated microscale indentor known as the Nano Indentor is available from Nano Instmments (257—259). Used with the Berkovich diamond indentor, this system has load and displacement resolutions of 0.3 N and 0.16 nm, respectively. Multiple indentations can be made on one specimen with spatial accuracy of better than 200 nm using a computer controlled sample manipulation table. This allows spatial mapping of mechanical properties. Hardness and elastic modulus are typically measured (259,260) but time-dependent phenomena such as creep and adhesive strength can also be monitored. 

In general, the advantages of using an automated method may be comparable to those of SA refinement in X-ray crystallography [68], where many of the operations necessary to refine a structure can be done automatically and the remaining manual interventions are easier because the SA refinement usually results in a more easily interpreted electron density map. Automated methods are usually used in combination with manual assignment. However, fully automated assignment of the NOEs is possible (see Eig. 7) [69]. 

Oldfield TJ. Automated tracing of electron-density maps of proteins. Acta Cryst 2003 059 483-91. 

Many singie nucieotide poiymorphisms (SNPs) are being detected and cataiogued. These are stabie and frequent, and their detection can be automated, it is anticipated that they wiii be particuiariy usefui for mapping compiex traits such as diabetes meiiitus. 

Takahashi, N., Takahashi, Y., Ishioka, N., Blumberg, B., and Putnam, F. W., Application of an automated tandem high-performance liquid chromatographic system to peptide mapping of genetic variants of human serum albumin, J. Chromatogr., 359, 181, 1986. 

In liquid-solid extraction (LSE) the analyte is extracted from the solid by a liquid, which is separated by filtration. Numerous extraction processes, representing various types and levels of energy, have been described steam distillation, simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE), passive hot solvent extraction, forced-flow leaching, (automated) Soxh-let extraction, shake-flask method, mechanically agitated reflux extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, y -ray-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), microwave-enhanced extraction (Soxwave ), microwave-assisted process (MAP ), gas-phase MAE, enhanced fluidity extraction, hot (subcritical) water extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical assisted liquid extraction, pressurised hot water extraction, enhanced solvent extraction (ESE ), solu-tion/precipitation, etc. The most successful systems are described in Sections 3.3.3-3.4.6. Other, less frequently... 

Automated organic and elemental ion mapping of TLC plates by LMMS techniques, without focus correction, has been reported [802,839]. One of the early TLC-MS scanners used laser desorption combined with Cl detection [807,808]. The use of laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS), in connection with TLC separations, allows sampling of a very small area of a spot (ca. 5 im). In this way spot homogeneity can be determined (e.g. in the case of overlapping components), and also leaves the bulk of the material unaffected for further study. An important advantage... 

Leherte, L., Fortier, S., Glasgow, J. and Allen, F.H. (1994) Molecular scene analysis application of a topological approach to the automated interpretation of protein electron-density maps, Acta Cryst., D50, 155-166 and references therein. 

Although relatively unknown, the instrumentation for 2DLC was conceived and implemented by Emi and Frei (1978). They reported the valve configuration presently used in most comprehensive 2DLC systems. However, they automated neither the valve nor the data conversion process to obtain a contour map or 2D peak display. They used a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column in the first dimension and a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column in the second dimension and studied complex plant extracts. 

Isobe, T., Uchida, K., Taoka, M., Shinkai, F., Manabe, T., Okuyama, T. (1991). Automated two-dimensional liquid chromatographic system for mapping proteins in highly complex mixtures. J. Chromatogr. 588, 115-123. 

Wagner, K., Miliotis, T., Marko-Varga, G., Bischoff, R., Unger, K.K. (2002). An automated online multidimensional HPLC system for protein and peptide mapping with integrated sample preparation. Anal. Chem. 74, 809-820. 

FIGURE 10.2 2D map of a whole cell lysate (top) along with an illustration of the reproducibility of the p / versus hydrophobicity profiling technique (bottom) using the Beckman PF2D automated instrument and software. (See color plate.)... 

Buchanan, N. S., Hamler, R. L., Leopold, P. E., Miller, F. R., Lubman, D. M. (2005). Mass mapping of cancer cell lysates using two-dimensional liquid separations, electrospray-time of flight-mass spectrometry, and automated data processing. Electrophoresis 26(1), 248-256. Buick, R. N., Pullano, R., Trent, J. M. (1985). Comparative properties of 5 human ovarian adenocarcinoma celllines. Cancer Res. 45(8), 3668-3676. 

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