Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Autism

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, behavioral syndromes in dementia... 

Executive function deficits are common among people with FASD, and such deficits are related to crime. Sixty percent of FASD individuals have a history of trouble with the law and 50 percent have been in jail or prison at one time or another. Executive function deficits are also common in other disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, various learning disabilities, and traumatic brain injury.27... 

The developmental neurotoxicity guideline, accepted by OECD in 2007, has added the important aspect of behavioral effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to chemicals. This development arose from the notion that behavioral disorders in man such as anxiety, depression, phobias, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which appear to show increasing prevalences in western societies, may have a perinatal origin (4, 5). In the absence of causal inferences with respect to chemicals it seems nevertheless prudent to assess in a risk assessment whether such causal relations may exist. 

A potential limitation of most of the controlled studies discussed above relates to the numerous exclusion criteria used for patient selection. For example, in order to find homogenous samples, major depression, bipolar disorder, Tourette s disorder, psychosis (clomipramine, fluvoxamine and fluoxetine trials), primary psychiatric disorder other than OCD (clomipramine and sertraline trials), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, or other developmental disorders (clomipramine and fluoxetine trials) were excluded. Thus it remains unknown how well these controlled studies will generalize to more naturalistic clinical populations that are highly comorbid and where exclusion criteria are not applied. 

The co-3 fatty acids have numerous important functions, especially in the brain. Accordingly, a deficiency of DHA and EPA may cause dysfunction of the central nervous system and probably also the retina, thereby resulting in impaired vision. In addition, there is a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders that have been associated with decreased levels of especially DHA and AA, such as, for example, schizophrenia and depression [3], post-traumatic stress syndrome, autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Since no primary inherited defect of essential fatty acid interconversion has yet been described, no specific explanations for the essential fatty acid concentration changes are readily available. 

Neuroleptics are used primarily in managing the symptoms of schizophrenia, although they are also used to treat a variety of conditions, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and even to alleviate severe pain. 

Initially, the neuroleptics were used to manage severe anxiety, agitation, and aggression in individuals with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia, a psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized, illogical thinking. The first neuroleptic used in schizophrenia was chlorpromazine (Thorazine) in 1952. Additional neuroleptics were later developed to treat a variety of other disorders and conditions in children and adults, including autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar dis-... 

In terms of approved medical use, the neuroleptics are often prescribed for children with autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette s syndrome. In addition, the popularity of the newer atypical neuroleptics for childhood bipolar disorder is growing rapidly, and sometimes these drugs are the only treatment offered. The neuroleptics are also commonly prescribed for the elderly in nursing homes or other insti-... 

What do Gulf War Syndrome, Katrina Cough, Aerospace Syndrome, and epidemic increases in the incidence of autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), birth defects, asthma, mailroom illness, spontaneous abortion, and many cancers have in common Each of these can be associated with a single causative agent, but each can also be associated with environmental exposure to chemical mixtures that do not contain any of the known causative agents. 

Ethylmercury (EtHg) is used in the form of thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines given to children. In recent years, there has been concern that EtHg exposure may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities such as language delay and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, but especially autism spectrum disorder. It has been removed from most vaccines in the USA and Europe but is stiU used in some developing countries. 

In Part II, we consider some of the postnatal costs of those influences and examine the strong evidence that the prenatal environment is related to various behavioral dysfunctions or anomalies and to deficits in intelligence. The chapters in this part cover fetal alcohol disorders, transsexuality, developmental disabilities such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and psychosis, as well as the emotional frameworks that give rise to a few other mental disorders. The important question of individual IQ is also addressed, including the controversies about its measurement in IQ tests (what are such tests Do their scores signify anything How is their reputed significance used ) and the extent to which the prenatal environment comes into play in the variance of IQ. 

Smalley S. L. 1997. Genetic influences in childhood-onset psychiatric disorders Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60 1276-1282... 

Although the etiology of autism is not understood, the defining or core symptoms of autistic disorder are considered to be impaired social interaction, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior. In addition, most patients with a primary diagnosis of autism exhibit other neurological or psychiatric symptoms, which may include seizures, sleep disorders, anxiety, panic attacks, attention deficit/hyperactivity, self-injury, and cognitive impairment (Simonoff et ah, 2008). It is not known to what extent these comorbidities reflect the primary pathology of autism and to what extent they represent unrelated vulnerabilities that are exacerbated by the impaired social interaction and communication that is characteristic of the disorder. 

Since 1990, unprecedented numbers of children and adolescents have been diagnosed with serious mental iUness. These illnesses include attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders, autism, and bipolar disorder. For example, from 1994-1995 to 2002-2003, the rate of doctor s office visits for bipolar disorder among youth increased from 25 per 100,000 youths to 1,003. In addition, autism has become the fastest-growing developmental disability in the United States. 

Neuroleptic drugs have been prescribed for children in the treatment of psychotic disorders, Tourette s syndrome, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, behavioral and psychiatric complications of mental retardation, and pervasive developmental disorders, for example infantile autism (580,581). 

Drug treatment of childhood psychosis and other behavioral disorders of children is confused by diagnostic inconsistencies and a paucity of controlled trials. Antipsychotics can benefit children with disorders characterized by features that occur in adult psychoses, mania, autism, or Tourette s syndrome. Low doses of the more potent or modem atypical agents usually are preferred in an attempt to avoid interference with daytime activities or performance in school. Attention deficit disorder, with or without hyperactivity, responds poorly to antipsychotic agents, but... 

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