Atmospheric inputs environment

Miller EK, Priedland AJ. 1994. Lead migration in forest soils Response to changing atmospheric inputs. Environ Sci Technol 28 662-669. 

Lee YH, Bishop K, Munthe J. 2000. Do concepts about catchment cycling of methyhnercury and mercury in boreal catchments stand the test of time Six years of atmospheric inputs and runoff export at Svartberget, northern Sweden. Sci Total Environ 260 11-20. 

Migon, C. 1993. Riverine and atmospheric inputs of heavy metals to the Ligurian Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 138 289-299. 

The mixture of organic constituents in the marine environment is extremely complex. Their origin is partly terrigenuous many compounds are produced in the marine environment itself. The different sources and their relative importance for the complexation of trace metals in estuaries, coastal seas and open ocean are riverine input, runoff from the coastal zone, resuspension, import of water mases, atmospheric input and in situ biological production. 

Johnson, D., and Hale, B. (2004). White birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) foliar litter decomposition in relation to trace metal atmospheric inputs at metal-contaminated and uncontaminated sites near Sudbury, Ontario and Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada. Environ. Poll. 127, 65-72. 

A calculation of maximum/minimum ratio from the atmospheric input data in Figure 3 yields the following results Pb = 33, Zn = 9, Cd = 17, Cr=1.5, Cu = 5, Ni = 4. We know that the burning of leaded gasoline is responsible for the large increase of Pb. Enormous metal production of Zn and Cd ores as well as refuse incineration are responsible for the increases of these metals. In addition, marine aerosols are an important source of Cd (Li, 1981). Obviously, Cu-Ni production from ores increased during this period but not nearly as much as for Zn-Cd. Also, combustion of fossil fuels contributed somewhat to the increase of Cu and Ni. The main source of Cr is steel and iron manufacturing which appears to not be as important an impact on the atmospheric environment as sources for the other metals. The pollution sources of Cr are minimal as reflected in the balance between riverine input and marine sediment output (Li, 1981). 

Kang W. J., Trefry J. H., Nelsen T. A., and Wanless H. R. (2000) Direct atmospheric inputs versus runoff fluxes of mercury to the lower Everglades and Elorida Bay. Environ Sci. Technol. 34(19), 4058-4063. 

Arsenic is ubiquitous in the Earth s crust arsenic ranks 20th among the elements in abundance. In nature, arsenic is widely but sparsely distributed. It is associated with igneous and sedimentary rocks, particularly with sulfidic ores. Arsenic enters the aquatic environment indirectly from industrial and other air emission, and directly from localized effluent discharges. There is general agreement that most man-caused atmospheric input is due to smelting operations and fossil-fuel combustion. Arsenic emission to the atmosphere was calculated with the factors listed in Table 2 . ... 

Rapaport, R.A. and S.J. Eisenreich. 1988. Historical atmospheric inputs of high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons to Eastern North America. Environ. Sci. 

Studies of the atmospheric input of chemicals to the open ocean have also been increasing lately. For many substances a relatively small fraction of the material delivered to estuaries and the coastal zone by rivers and streams makes its way through the near shore environment to open ocean regions. Most of this material is lost via flocculation and sedimentation to the sediments as it passes from the freshwater environment to open sea water. Since aerosol particles in the size range of a few micrometers or less have atmospheric residence times of one to several days, depending upon their size distribution and local precipitation patterns, and most substances of interest in the gas phase have similar or even longer atmospheric residence times, there is ample opportunity... 

Andren, A. W., Lindberg, S. E. and Bate, L. C. (1975), Atmospheric Input and Geochemical Cycling of Selected Trace Elements in Walker Branch Watershed, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Environ. Set Div. Publ, 728, 68. 

Studies aimed at understanding the sources, fate and effects of environmental contaminants, such as those described in this book, have provided much of the information used by managers and regulators to limit and regulate inputs to the environment as a result of human activities. These inputs include direct discharge to air, soil and water from point sources and more diffuse inputs, from so-called non-point sources, such as agricultural and urban runoff and atmospheric inputs to aquatic systems. Overall, much has been... 

Atmospheric deposition of trace metals from urban environments on the perimeter of large water bodies is a potential source to these systems. There is little data, however, to support or refute this notion. Here we discuss a study of Baltimore s urban air and its potential impact on the northern Chesapeake Bay and compare our results to those of other studies. Elevated concentrations of metals, especially lead, zinc and mercury were measured at an urban sampling site compared to a rural location. The difference was most marked for lead with the annual depositional flux almost three times higher in the city. Normalized fluxes at a rural site were mostly similar to those measured previously around the Chesapeake Bay and were also similar to those measured recently at other rural sites in Maryland and around the Great Lakes. The results of our study suggest that local atmospheric inputs from urban sources should be included in any evaluation of atmospheric deposition to lacrustrine, coastal or estuarine systems. 

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