Atmospheric circulation models

Arya, S. P. S. (1977). Suggested revision to certain boundary layer parameterization schemes used in atmospheric circulation models. Mon. Weather Rev. 105, 215-227. 

Fig. 14. NCAR 6-layer atmospheric-circulation model, (a) Model, (b) calculated aea-level isobars.

Fig. 9.2.8 Zonal mean meridional temperature cross section of the atmosphere of Jupiter obtained from a linearized atmospheric circulation model. Cloud tracer wind velocities were used as a lower boundary condition (Conrath et al 1990).

Meridional circulation in two-dimensional stratospheric models has been specified based on observations or general circulation model calculations recendy efforts have been undertaken to calculate circulations from first principles, within the stratospheric models themselves. An important limitation of using models in which circulations are specified is that these caimot be used to study the feedbacks of changing atmospheric composition and temperature on transport, factors which may be important as atmospheric composition is increasingly perturbed. 

HOTM AC/RAPTAD contains individual codes HOTMAC (Higher Order Turbulence Model for Atmospheric Circulation), RAPTAD (Random Particle Transport and Diffusion), and computer modules HOTPLT, RAPLOT, and CONPLT for displaying the results of the ctdculalinns. HOTMAC uses 3-dimensional, time-dependent conservation equations to describe wind, lempcrature, moisture, turbulence length, and turbulent kinetic energy. 

Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions. To determine how the ocean responds to a C02-induced climate forcing, it will be necessary to develop a combined ocean and atmospheric general circulation model. It will take 10-20 years to develop a model with appropriate chemistry and biology to the level of confidence necessary to make valid projections. In the interim, two approaches can be pursued in parallel with this model development. 

Although many important features of oceanic and atmospheric circulation can be explicitly resolved in three-dimensional gridpoint models, there will always be many processes that occur on the sub-gridscale level that cannot. The effects of these sub-gridscale processes must be parameterized, i.e., summarized in a statistical fashion in a way related to the large-scale flow. The purpose of parameterization is to describe the combined effect of sub-gridscale processes on the larger-scale... 

Bonan, G. B. (1995a). Land-atmosphere CO2 exchange simulated by a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model, j. Geophys. Res. 100,2817-2831. 

Dazlich, D. A. (1996a). Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO2 in a general circulation model. Part 1 Surface carbon fluxes, Telliis, Ser. B, 48,521-542. 

Denning, A. S. (1995). Investigations of the transport, sources, and sinks of atmospheric CO2 using a general circulation model, Atmos. Sci. Pap. 564, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins. 

Dorman, J. L. and Sellers, P. J. (1989). A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the simple biosphere model (SiB), /. Appl. Meteorol. 28, 833-855. 

Jouzel, J., Russell, G. L., Koster, R. D. et al. (1987). Simulations of the HDO and H2 0 atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model the seasonal cycle for present-day conditions. /. Geophys. Res. 92(D12), 14739-14760. 

The research published in this book uses the presently most comprehensive multicompartment model, the first which comprises a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (GCM). GCMs are the state-of-the-art tools used in climate research. The study is on the marine and total environmental distribution and fate of two chemicals, an obsolete pesticide (DDT) and an emerging contaminant (perflu-orinated compound) and contains the first description of a whole historic cycle of an anthropogenic substance, i.e. from the introduction into the environment until its fading beyond phase-out. 

Models for processes in the environmental SYSTEM E.G. GENERAL CIRCULATION Model for Atmosphere and Ocean... 

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