Atherosclerosis postmenopausal

Only fragmentary information exists in the human. In a study on 27 postmenopausal women with breast cancer, tamoxifen slightly slowed the progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by changes in carotid intima-media thickness (Stamatelopoulos et al. 2004). 

Ceresini G, Marchini L, Rebecchi I, Morganti S, Bertone L, Montanari I, Bacchi-Modena A, Sgarabotto M, Baldini M, Denti L, Ablondi F, Ceda GP, Valenti G (2003) Effects of raloxifene on carotid blood flow resistance and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 167 121-127... 

Clarkson TB, Anthony MS, Jerome CP (1998) Lack of effect of raloxifene on coronary artery atherosclerosis of postmenopausal monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 721-726... 

Erkkila, A. T., Lichtenstein, A. H., Mozaffarian, D., and Herrington, D. M. (2004). Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am.. Clin. Nutr. 80, 626-632. 

Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Kok L, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Van Der Schouwy T. Dietary phytoestrogens and plasma lipids in Dutch postmenopausal women a cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis 178, 95-100, 2005. 

Angerer P, Stork S, Kothny W, Schmitt P, von Schacky C. Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis a randomized, controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2001 21(2) 262-8. 

Nestel P, Fujii A, Zhang L. 2006. An isoflavone metabolite reduces arterial stiffness and blood pressure in overweight men and postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 192 184-189. 

Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Morabito N, Crisafulli A, D Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Campo GM, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Squadrito G. 2002. The effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 163 339-347. 

There is no medical problem related to women s health that has a higher negative impact on morbidity (and frequently mortality) than menopause, a condition closely associated with declining sex steroid availability. The most important problems associated with menopause are osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. It is estimated that 40 million women are menopausal or postmenopausal in the United States alone (Andrews, 1995 Curtis, 1999). 

There appears to be a strong link between arterial compliance or stiffness and atherosclerosis and systolic hypertension. In humans, supplementation with soy protein or isoflavones appears to improve com-pliance. In one placebo controlled, randomized, cross-over clinical trial on peri- and postmenopausal women, treatment with 80 mg/day purified soy isoflavones for 5 weeks resulted in improvement of ca. 26% in systemic arterial compliance, even though there was no reduction in blood lipids. Only one study demonstrated a significant decrease in blood pressure, reported in 51 non-hypertensive women after ingestion of 34 mg/day isoflavones,but other studies failed to show a significant effect. ... 

Qarke SC, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H, et al. A study of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with ischaemic heart disease The Papworth HRT Atherosclerosis Study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002 109 1056-1062. 

The incidence of cardiovascular disease is low in premenopausal women, rising rapidly after menopause, and epidemiological studies consistently showed an association between estrogen use and reduced cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, estrogens produce a favorable lipoprotein profile, promote vasodilation, inhibit the response to vascular injury, and reduce atherosclerosis. Studies such as these led to the widespread use of estrogen for prevention of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. 

Tormala, R. S. Appt T.B. Clarkson P.H. Groop M. Ronnback O. Ylikorkala T.S. Mikkola. Equol production capability is associated with favorable vascular function in postmenopausal women using tibolone no effect with soy supplementation. Atherosclerosis 2007a, Oct 23 [Epub ahead of print]. 

C., Liu, C., and Hodis, H.N., Does elevated body mass modify the influence of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on atherosclerosis progression results from the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial. Atherosclerosis, 168, 91-98, 2003. 

Waters, D. D., E. L. Alderman, J. Hsia, B. V. Howard, F. R. Cobb, W. J. Rogers, P. Ouyang et al. 2002. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 2432-2440. 

However, in ARIC higher total testosterone (T) and sex hormonebinding globulin (SHBG) were found to be inversely related to carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women not using HRT (341). In elderly males, total T levels were inversely independently associated with anti-oxLDL antibodies (342) and, hypotestosteronemia may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis and increase the risk for CHD in obese men in a cross-sectional study (343), T appears to suppress activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and men with low T levels are at increased risk of CAD (reviewed in ref. 344). 

Koivu TA, Dastidar P, Jokela H, et al. The relation of oxidized LDL autoantibodies and long-term hormone replacement therapy to ultrasonographically assessed atherosclerotic plaque quantity and severity in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2001 157 471-479. 

Clarkson, T.B., Anthony, M.S., and Morgan, T.M. 2001. Inhibition of postmenopausal atherosclerosis progression a comparison of the effects of conjugated equine estrogens and soy phytoestrogens. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86, 41 7. 

Clarkson TB, Ethun KF, Chen H, Golden D, Floyd E, Appt SE. Effects of bazedoxifene alone and with conjugated equine estrogens on coronary and peripheral artery atherosclerosis of postmenopausal monkeys. Menopause 2013 20(3) 274-81. 

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