At solid-liquid interfaces

One of the most important advances in electrochemistry in the last decade was tlie application of STM and AFM to structural problems at the electrified solid/liquid interface [108. 109]. Sonnenfield and Hansma [110] were the first to use STM to study a surface innnersed in a liquid, thus extending STM beyond the gas/solid interfaces without a significant loss in resolution. In situ local-probe investigations at solid/liquid interfaces can be perfomied under electrochemical conditions if both phases are electronic and ionic conducting and this... 

Manne S 1997 Visualizing self-assembly Force microscopy of ionic surfactant aggregates at solid-liquid interfaces Prog. Colloid Polym. Sol. 103 226-33... 

Manne S and Gaub FI E 1995 Molecular organization of surfactants at solid-liquid interfaces Science 270 1480-3... 

J. P. Badiali, L. Blum, M. L. Rosinberg. Localized adsorption at solid-liquid interface the sticky site hard wall model. Chem Phys Lett 729 149-154, 1986. 

Molecular Architectures at Solid-Liquid Interfaces Studied by Surface Forces Measurement... 

The importance of surface characterization in molecular architecture chemistry and engineering is obvious. Solid surfaces are becoming essential building blocks for constructing molecular architectures, as demonstrated in self-assembled monolayer formation [6] and alternate layer-by-layer adsorption [7]. Surface-induced structuring of liqnids is also well-known [8,9], which has implications for micro- and nano-technologies (i.e., liqnid crystal displays and micromachines). The virtue of the force measurement has been demonstrated, for example, in our report on novel molecular architectures (alcohol clusters) at solid-liquid interfaces [10]. 

Chapter 1 is a view of the potential of surface forces apparatus (SFA) measurements of two-dimensional organized ensembles at solid-liquid interfaces. At this level, information is acquired that is not available at the scale of single molecules. Chapter 2 describes the measurement of surface interactions that occur between and within nanosized surface structures—interfacial forces responsible for adhesion, friction, and recognition. 

Real Time Monitoring of Molecular Structure at Solid/Liquid Interfaces by Non-Linear Spectroscopy... 

Many important processes such as electrochemical reactions, biological processes and corrosion take place at solid/liquid interfaces. To understand precisely the mechanism of these processes at solid/liquid interfaces, information on the structures of molecules at the electrode/electrolyte interface, including short-lived intermediates and solvent, is essential. Determination of the interfacial structures of the intermediate and solvent is, however, difficult by conventional surface vibrational techniques because the number of molecules at the interfaces is far less than the number of bulk molecules. 

SFG spectroscopy is an ideal technique to investigate the mechanism of interfacial processes at solid/liquid interfaces [5, 6, 10-16]. 

Here, we describe the basic principles and detailed experimental arrangement of SFG spectroscopy and present several examples of SFG study at solid/liquid interfaces. HRS is also described briefly. 

TR-SFG seems to be an ideal tool to study the surface dynamics of adsorbed CO at solid/liquid interfaces. Although there are several reports of TR-SFG studies on an electrode, they are only of investigations of vibrational relaxation lifetime by IR excitation [34, 65, 67]. 

Asa study of spin chemistry at solid/liquid interfaces, we have examined M F Es on the photoelectrochemical reactions of photosensitive electrodes modified with nanoclusters containing CgoN and MePH (Figure 15.4), intended for utilization of C o as photofunctional nanodevices. 

Nevertheless, in applications relevant for electrocatalysis and reactions that occur at solid-liquid interfaces, it has been essential to develop a methodology that can provide detailed insight into the surface and near-surface stmcture during the course of reaction. For that purpose, the in sim SXS diffraction technique, depicted in... 

Adsorption is a physicochemical process whereby ionic and nonionic solutes become concentrated from solution at solid-liquid interfaces.3132 Adsorption and desorption are caused by interactions between and among molecules in solution and those in the structure of solid surfaces. Adsorption is a major mechanism affecting the mobility of heavy metals and toxic organic substances and is thus a major consideration when assessing transport. Because adsorption is usually fully or partly reversible (desorption), only rarely can it be considered a detoxification process for fate-assessment purposes. Although adsorption does not directly affect the toxicity of a substance, the substance may be rendered nontoxic by concurrent transformation processes such as hydrolysis and biodegradation. Many chemical and physical properties of both aqueous and solid phases affect adsorption, and the physical chemistry of the process itself is complex. For example, adsorption of one ion may result in desorption of another ion (known as ion exchange). 

Halperin A (1999) Polymer brushes that resist adsorption of model proteins design parameters. Langmuir 15 2525-2533 Haynes CA, Norde W (1994) Globular proteins at solid-liquid interfaces. Colloid Surf B 2 517-566... 

The adsorption of soluble polymers at solid-liquid interfaces is a highly complex phenomenon with vast numbers of possible configurations of the molecules at the surface. Previous analyses of polymer adsorption have ranged in sophistication from very simple applications of "standard" models derived for small molecules, to detailed statistical mechanical treatments of the process. 

Numerous statistical treatments of the adsorption of polymers at solid-liquid interfaces have been described in the literature. 

The equilibrium model for the adsorption of polymers at solid-liquid interfaces recently presented by Hogg and Mirville (1) has been evaluated at some length. It has been shown that, for polymers consisting of a reasonably large number of segments, the adsorption isotherms can be closely approximated by an expression of the form ... 

Hogg, R. Mirville, R. J. "Adsorption of Macromolecules at Solid-Liquid Interfaces" presented at 56th Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, Blacksburg, VA (1982). 

Anderson, M. A., and A. J. Rubin, Eds. (1981), Adsorption of Inorganics at Solid-Liquid Interfaces, Ann Arbor Science Publ., 357 pp. 

Ruzi6, I. (1987), Time Dependence of Adsorption at Solid-Liquid Interfaces", Croat. Chem. Acta 60/3, 457-475. 

Segal, M. G., and R. Sellers (1984), "Redox Reactions at Solid-Liquid Interfaces", Advances in Inorganic and Bioinorganic Mechanisms 3, 97-129. 

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