AT fabric composite

Figure 12.7 Typical surfaces showing damage incurred for (a) UT, (b) AT, and (c) AT fabric composites [54].

What makes the fabrication of composite materials so complex is that it involves simultaneous heat, mass, and momentum transfer, along with chemical reactions in a multiphase system with time-dependent material properties and boundary conditions. Composite manufacturing requires knowledge of chemistry, polymer and material science, rheology, kinetics, transport phenomena, mechanics, and control systems. Therefore, at first, composite manufacturing was somewhat of a mystery because very diverse knowledge was required of its practitioners. We now better understand the different fundamental aspects of composite processing so that this book could be written with contributions from many composite practitioners. 

Parker et al. (30) reported the synthesis of phosphorous containing bismaleimides and demonstrated their outstanding non-flammability characteristics. Graphite fabric composites prepared from such P-containing BMI as a matrix resin show a LOI of 100 and an anaerobic char yield of 88% at 700 °C. Other P-containing BMI have recently been synthesized (31) for example, bis(3-maleimidophenoxy-4-phenyl)phenyl phosphine oxide (Figure 8) has been tested as a composite matrix resin with the aim of improving the fibre/resin interfacial adhesion. 

Duvet covers, sheets, and pillow covers can have a range of fabric compositions. Most are either cotton or, more commonly, cotton-polyester mixtures of different percentages. Table 7.12 illustrates some currently available in the U.K. through major outlets. Though they can be of fancy weaves (e.g., damask), most are plain weave. Fitted sheets will contain elastic at the corners, whereas duvet covers usually have plastic button or press stud fasteners. 

We report on the powder metallurgical fabrication of bismuth-antimony solid solution and the thermoelectric properties of the fabricated composites. The solid solution powders were prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) aiming at large reduction of the thermal conductivity with the very fine microstructures obtained through MA process. The prepared bismuth-antimony powders (Bi-7.5at%Sb) have been sintered by hot pressing. 

Continuous dyeing is operated at constant composition of dyeing liquor, ie, textile fabric is pulled through each stage of the dyeing process at a rate of about 40 m min. ... 

In this context, nanoporous carbons are extremely interesting materials which can be used either as electrodes of supercapacitors or hydrogen reservoir. They are commercially available at a low cost and under various forms (powder, fibers, foams, fabrics, composites) [3]. They can be obtained with well-developed and controlled porosity [4,5] and with a rich surface functionality [6,7], As far as electrochemistry applications are concerned, very important advantages of carbons are a high electrical conductivity, a good chemical stability in various electrolytic media and the possibility to control wettability by the nature of the surface functionality. When they are not playing the role of active material for the storage process, carbons may be also useful as additive in a composite to improve its physical properties. Particularly carbon nanotubes are able to improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of electrodes [8],... 

Chu and co-workers at Cornell investigated the combination of PGA and Dacron. They produced knitted fabric grafts composed of PGA and Dacron fibers blended at various compositional ratios. They studied the properties of these bicomponent fabrics in vitro. Their major finding was the achievement of increasing water porosity over time without significant losses in the structural integrity and strength of the specimens. 

Inoue A, Fuji T, Kawakami H. Effect of loading path on mechanical response of a glass fabric composite at low cyclic fatigue under tension/torsion biaxial loading. J Reinf Plast Compos 2000 19(2) lll-23. 

To overcome the limitations of fabricating BC composites by biosynthesis and impregnation methods, a BC gel can be transformed to a homogenized BC slurry or solution for easier mixing with a supplement at different compositions (Figs. 14.2c,d). In this way, a supplement can be homogeneously distributed in the matrix [30]. A variety of supplement types can be used with this approach [31]. Additionally, BC composites synthesized via this supplementation approach can be easily formed into desired shapes or structures by using simple techniques. 

However, it was in 2004 that a number of researchers began to report significant improvements. Meincke et fabricated composites from CVD-MWNT in PA6. This almost doubled the modulus from 2.6 to 4.2 GPa at 12.5 wt%, corresponding to a reinforcement value of d T/d Ff 34 GPa. This was, however, accompanied by a significant reduction in ductility, from 40% to approximately 4%. In addition, they made blend composites from PA6, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and nanotubes. Here, the results were more modest with increases from 1.97 to 2.51 GPa at 7.5 wt%. This gives a slightly lower reinforcement value of 11 GPa. However, this can be explained... 

King et at fabricated PANI/CNT composite nanofibers with different types of CNTs through CNT-templated in-situ polymerization by using APS as oxide and methane sulfonic as dopant [9]. Liu et at prepared flexible PANI/SWNT composite films by in-situ electrochemical polymerization process [10]. The morphology and microstructure of the composite can be finely adjusted through the modulation of electrolyte component and electric current. In addition to PANI/CNT composites, poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) (P3HT)/MWNT composites have also been prepared by in-situ polymerization of 3-hexylthiophene in MWNTs-dispersed chloroform solution [11]. 

Liu et at fabricated the well-defined carboxylated CNTs/PPy composite hollow microspheres with near xmiform particle size of 1.4 pm via chemical oxidative interfacial polymerization of Py in the presence of the carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNT-COOH) for the first time (Figure 8.1) [33]. It was found that the presence of the carboxylated CNTs greatly improved their morphological, thermal, and electrical conductive properties. The cycling stability as electrode materials for supercapacitors had been evidently improved by introducing the CNT-COOH, although the presence of the CNT-COOH had slightly enhanced their SC. 

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