Association history

REPORTED METHODS OF ANALYSIS 6.1. Application and associated history... 

Here is an example of a small-scale, testable parapsycholo-gical theory concerning the nature of psychically detectable objects. It was formulated by William Roll of the Psychical Research Foundation [104], The theory postulated that physical objects have some sort of psychical properties that are created by their individual associational histories. This leads to a testable prediction If the associational history of an object is varied systematically, it should be possible to make that object more or less psychically detectable in proportion to the differences in its history. That is, if I have one object that has been... 

In the talus the terms osteochondral fracture, tran-schondral fracture and osteochondritis dissecans are used interchangeably. The condition is usually seen in adolescence. An associated history of trauma is identified in 64%-92% of patients (Berndt and Harty 1959 Ogilvie-Harris and Sarrosa 1999 Stone 1996) and tends to be an inversion type injury. Lateral lesions are said to be more commonly associated with trauma than medial lesions. The initial complaint is of ankle pain, swelling and a limp. Symptoms of instability and locking or clicking within the joint may also be described. 

Surface defects (Section VII-4C) are also influenced by the history of the sample. Such imperfections may to some extent be reversibly affected by processes such as adsorption so that it is not safe to regard even a refractory solid as having fixed surface actions. Finally, solid surfaces are very easily contaminated detection of contamination is aided by ultra-high-vacuum techniques and associated cleaning protocols [24]. 

The history of tire diode laser illustrated in figure C2.16.11 shows tire interiDlay of basic device physics ideas and teclmology. A new idea often does not produce a better device right away. It requires a certain leap of faitli to see tire improvement potential. However, once tire belief exists, tire teclmology can be developed to demonstrate its validity. In tire case of diode lasers, tire better teclmology was invariably associated with improved epitaxial growtli. 

J. Lederberg, How DENDRAL was conceived and bom, in ACM Symposium on the History of Medical Informatics, National Library of Medidne, 1987. Later published in A History of Medical Informatics, B. I. Blum, K. Duncan (Eds.), Association for Computing, Machinery Press, New York 1990, 14-44. 

C. K. K.eck, A Handbook on the Care of Paintings, American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Term., 1976. 

The early USPC was dominated by physicians who selected the best dmgs. This prevented iaclusion ia the USP of a large number of substances that were widely used, particularly elixirs, a popular dosage form ia the late nineteenth ceatury. To fill this gap, ia 1888 the American Pharmaceutical Association pubUshed the first NE, which provided standards for dmgs ia wide use but aot iacluded ia the USP. A history of the Natioaal Eormulary is also iacluded at the froat of the NF sectioa ia USP XXII—NFXUII (5). 

NIDDM is a much more common disease than IDDM, accounting for about 85—90% of all cases of diabetes meUitus. Whereas NIDDM may be present at any age, the incidence increases dramatically with advanced age over 10% of the population reaching 70 years of age has NIDDM. Patients with NIDDM do not require insulin treatment to maintain life or prevent the spontaneous occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, NIDDM is frequendy asymptomatic and unrecognized, and diagnosis requires screening for elevations in blood or urinary sugar. Most forms of NIDDM are associated with a family history of the disease, and NIDDM is commonly associated with and exacerbated by obesity. The causes of NIDDM are not well understood and there may be many molecular defects which lead to NIDDM. 

Through its committees, divisions, and chapters, the American Vacuum Society has produced a nearly complete bibhography (to 1996) (8), a dictionary of terms (9), a monograph series, and a number of other useful pubHcations (10). Another source of information is the Association of Vacuum Equipment Manufacturers. A history of vacuum ideas and technology development from the Middle Ages to Newton has been given (11). 

The success of quinine inspired the search for other antimalarials. The greatest impetus for the development of synthetic dmgs came this century when the two World Wars intermpted the supply of cinchona bark to the combatants. A stmcturally related 4-quinolinemethanol is mefloquine (65, Lariam [51773-92-3]) which now serves as an effective alternative agent for chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. This is a potent substance that requires less than one-tenth the dose of quinine to effect cures. There are some untoward side effects associated with this dmg such as gastrointestinal upset and dizziness, but they tend to be transient. Mefloquine is not recommended for use by those using beta-blockers, those whose job requires fine coordination and spatial discrimination, or those with a history of epilepsy or psychiatric disorders. A combination of mefloquine with Fansidar (a mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine) is known as Fansimef but its use is not recommended. Resistance to mefloquine has been reported even though the compound has not been in wide use. 

Semiconducting Ceramics. Most oxide semiconductors are either doped to create extrinsic defects or annealed under conditions in which they become non stoichiometric. Although the resulting defects have been carefully studied in many oxides, the precise nature of the conduction is not well understood. Mobihty values associated with the various charge transport mechanisms are often low and difficult to measure. In consequence, reported conductivities are often at variance because the effects of variable impurities and past thermal history may overwhelm the dopant effects. 

Shells, clams, wood fragments, and other biological materials can also produce concentration cell corrosion. Additionally, fragments can lodge in heat exchanger inlets, locally increasing turbulence and erosion-corrosion. If deposits are massive, turbulence, air separation, and associated erosion-corrosion can occur downstream (see Case History 11.5). 

The goal is to maintain a history of data associated with previously executed batches, equipment operating rates, etc. and provide this information to other... 

The losses that companies can face are influenced by many factors including market sector, sales turnover and product liability history. It is not easy to make a satisfactory estimate of the product liability costs associated with quality of non-conformance, and... 

The other place to read an authoritative histoi7 of the development of the quantum-mechanical theory of metals and the associated evolution of the band theory of solids is in Chapters 2 and 3 of the book. Out of the Crystal Maze, which is a kind of official history of solid-state physics (Hoddeson et al. 1992). 

Staehle, R. W. Comments on the History of Engineering and Science of Stress Corrosion Cracking, in Proc. Fundamental Aspects of Stress Corrosion Cracking (Houston, TX National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1969). 

---