Arts in science

One indisputable ingredient of innovation is knowledge, tacit and explicit. This is required in two areas the state of the art in science and technology and the jobs the customer would like to get done. 

Abstract A consideration is described on the "Properties" of materials as the basis of science and technology, in connection with my early research on textile. The "Functionality" is then discussed in some details and the stream from property to "Sensibility" is viewed through "Functionality" in my own style. Biocompatibility has been regarded as one of the functionalities of polymers and studied in our laboratory a decade ago, as one of the prestages of the sensibility or humanity concepts. Finally, the arts in science are briefly imagined in two ways one, comprehensive approach downward (anti-clockwise, in the top part of Figure 2) from the arts to science, and the other, individual one upward (in the bottom part of Figure 2) from science to the arts. 

In some countries, further plant modifications resulted from enhanced regulatory requirements according to the development of the state of the art in science and technology of precautionary measures in safety related areas as e.g. fire protection, internal flooding and earthquake. 

In this area, we have to maintain the level of safety while adapting plants to the state of the art in science and technology within the scope of the Atomic Energy Law. 

In detail, evidence that the appropriate safety-related function, also in interaction with existing elements, and the necessary component reliability are ensured must be provided for every change that has been made in a plant. Thus the procedure applied in the case of changes allows constant adjustment of the technology deployed to the progressing state of the art in science and technology. 

Bowen J P and N L Allinger 1991. Molecular Mechanics The Art and Science of Parameterisation. I Lipkowitz K B and D B Boyd (Editors). Reviews in Computational Chemistry Volume 2. New Yorl VCH Publishers, pp. 81-97. 

The process of designing a pyrotechnic mixture begins with the selection of oxidizer and fuel, and proceeds to incorporate additional components to achieve the exact pyrotechnic effect and bum rate desired in the end item. It is at this point that pyrotechnics takes on the dual nature of an art and science, and experience is often the only thing that can be reHed upon for the solution of a difficult problem. 

The use of hops in the form of hop extract has spread rapidly the yield of the extract is better, yet insufficient. The production of a satisfactory hop extract quahty, ie, no taste difference to beer hopped by using other "natural" hop products, has appeared to be a science or art in itself Use of the right solvent and distillation is the key point, and many unsuccessful attempts have been made. The latest and most successful method, using the so-called Hquid carbon dioxide extraction, meets the high quaUty demands almost perfecdy. Preisomerization of the resins makes it uimecessary to boil them with the wort they can be added directly to the finished beer to avoid poor yield (through boiling) and the loss of resins (during fermentation). 

Hoyt C. Hottel/ S.M. Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts In stitute of Technology Member, National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute. (Radiation)... 

Thermocouples are unsurpassed for making temperature-difference measurements. The thermoelectric power of thermocouple materials makes them adequate for use at hquid-air temperatures and above. At 20 K and below, the thermoelectric power drops to a few lV/K, and their use in this range is as much art as science. 

Witli tliese facts in mind, we have compiled and updated material provided by mrboexpander technology experts. Editing tlieir work proved to be a real challenge. Altliough we occasionally found small differences in items concerning technical detail, we discovered tliat some of tlie oldest papers and presentations on botli art and science of turboexpander technology are not only still readable, but continue to be totally relevant and applicable today. 

Efficient and economical performance of distillation equipment is vital to many processes. Although the art and science of distillation has been practiced for many years, studies still continue to determine the best design procedures for multicomponent, azeotropic, batch, raul-tidraw, multifeed and other types. Some shortcut procedures are adequate for many systems, yet have limitations in others in fact the same might be said even for more detailed procedures. 

This has been despite the fact that the UK has developed with a culture that is indifferent to engineering, the respectable professions being those such as law or medicine offering more money and prestige. This deeply rooted attitude was supported by an education system in which on the whole applied science - engineering - was not studied in schools or universities. This contrasts with the rest of world, where such studies were an important part of the curricula of many schools and universities as early as the eighteenth century. Engineering was not considered suitable for those with the ability to enter a university, where arts and sciences were studied. 

There is an entire discipline of Experimental Design that is devoted to the art and science of determining what should be in a training set. A detailed exploration of the Design of Experiments (DOE, or experimental design) is beyond the scope of this book. Please consult the bibliography for publications that treat this topic in more detail. 

The Field of Numerical Analysis.—As used here, numerical analysis will be taken to represent the art and science of digital computation. The art is learned mainly by experience hence, this chapter will be concerned with explicit techniques and the mathematical principles that justify them. Digital computation is to be contrasted with analog computation, which is the use of slide rules, differential analyzers, model basins, and other devices in which such physical magnitudes as lengths, voltages, etc., represent the quantities under consideration. 

In addition to full- or part-treatment formulations (boiler compounds), the art and science of BW treatment usually requires the application of certain primary functional chemicals and secondary functional chemicals (adjuncts) to provide a comprehensive program, as outlined below ... 

Hofstein, A., Mamlok-Naaman, R. (2007). The laboratory in science education The state of the art. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8, 105-107. 

Siraisi, Nancy G., Arts and Sciences in the Stadium of Padua in the Thirteenth and first half of the Fourteenth Century (Ann Arbor/New York, 1970). 

The preparation of catalysts is a mixture of art and science, but most of all much experience. Although the underlying chemistry is largely known, many catalyst preparation recipes are so complicated that it is not possible to write a complete scheme of chemical reactions in detail. 

---