Horn, artificial

Bismuth oxycarbonate is used in cosmetics, enamel fluxes, ceramic glazes, plastic and artificial horn products. It also is used as an opacifier in x-ray diagnosis and in medicine for treatment of gastric ulcers, diarrhea and enteritis. 

USE Sizing paper and textiles as binder for briquettes manuf artificial horn, ivory, celluloid emulsionizitig mineral oils mucilage. Additional uses are described under Algin. 

USE In admixture with other substances in glazes on ceramics for artificial horn products for pearly surfaces for plastics. 

In the manufacture of artificial horn and tortoise shell products ... 

Uses Bismuth compounds cosmetics opacifierin x-ray diagnosis enamel fluxes ceramic glazes artificial horn prods. pearly surfs, for plastics food additive pharmaceutical adsorbent (antidiarrheal prods.) pharmaceutical health care prods. topical protectant Regulatory FDA approved for orals... 

To produce artificial horn, skimmed milk is treated at 35° C with fermenting rennin from the stomachs of calves. When the temperature is raised to 65° C, coagulation of the protein results (denaturing) with the formation of curds containing about 609 /water. They are washed, dried, and pressed in linen bags. Alternatively, the protein can also be precipitated with acids. About 1 kg of dried casein is obtained from 30 liters of skimmed milk. The commercial product contains fat and therefore has a milky yellow color. 

Further treatment consists of swelling the casein in water. Because of differences in color, various batches are mixed in order to obtain a consistent raw material. The product is dyed and plasticized in hot presses. The resulting plates or bars are then pickled in formaldehyde baths, often for days. The casein cross-links during this process. Artificial horn becomes flexible after being treated with glycerine or oil at 100° C. It can be worked under restraint, i.e., in the same way as wood. This method is used particularly for jewelry, haberdashery, buttons, etc. Even today, artificial horn retains a certain importance, since it can be quickly adapted to the current fashion, thanks to its easy coloring properties. 

Among the modified proteins products hardened by means of formaldehyde may be mentioned. Such hardening processes are being increasingly applied in industry. The conversion of casein into artificial horn has been known for a long time the reaction may be of the type shown in Fig. 9, where two protein chains are connected by means of a CHg-group. It also seems likely that in the hardening of casein-wool (from milk) similar reactions play a part. 

Casein wool is prepared similarly to artificial horn. Casein is precipitated by dilute sulfuric acid at 20°C, then washed and pressed. The alkaline casein solution is subsequently spun at 50"C into an acid precipitation tank and the fiber is cross-linked with formaldehyde. 

Polymer [30525-89-4]. Paraformaldehyde. Paraform Obtd. by evaporation of aq. formaldehyde solns. Used as disinfectant, fumigant, fungicide, waterproofing glues and resins, including artificial horn and ivory. White solid with si. odour of formaldehyde. Spar. sol. H2O sol. strong alkalis insol. EtOH, Et20. Mp 163-165° dec. 

FUEL.—Combustible, French Brermloff,German Fames, Latin.—The importance which must hay been, attached in every age, from the earliest period of ham an existence, to fire, and (lie necessity which has ever impelled mankind to provide it, not so much for purposes of luxury, as an absolute essential, to enable them to cossitoract the effects of climate and other external influences which affect the frame, are sufficient, apart Horn any other consideration, to impress every one with a sense of its useful o css. It is not in reference to these primary applications, howover, that tha full value of fire, or the extent of Its influence, will he understood, hut only when it is. studied in connection with the various natural and artificial transformations of matter. which it produces. 

Until World War I, AN was manufd chiefly by neutralizing, with weak HNO, the NH, present in aqueous by-products of the artificial gas and coking industries. As the HNO, was then manufd from Chile saltpeter, it contained HC1, HNO, and boric acid as impurities, while the gas liquor NH, used contained pyridine and thiocyanates. Consequently, the AN also contained the same impurities. Such AN was used in blasting explosives and, to some extent, in mixed fertilizers. In 1913 the manuf of HNO, from NH, produced horn atmospheric nitrogen was begun in Europe. This acid was of a higher degree of puriry and, as it was neutralized with synthetic NH, the AN produced was much purer than that obtained by the earlier process... 

Owing to its oxidizing properties perborate is chiefly used for washing and bleaching wool, artificial silk, velvet, plush, felt, horn, bones, oils, fats, waxes etc. 

For the laboratory experiments the rams-horn snail M. comuarietis and the ovovivipar-ous snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum were considered as freshwater species, and two marine prosobranchs - the netted whelk Nassarius reticulatus and the dog whelk Nucella lapillus - were additionally employed. N. reticulatus, as a typical sediment-living species, was exposed via artificial sediments, while the three other prosobranchs were exposed via water. 

Sutherland TD, Horne I, Weir KM et al. (2004) Enzymatic bioremediation from enzyme discovery to applications. Chn Exp Pharm Physiol 31(11)817-821 Stevenson D, Stanley R, Fumeaux R (1993) Optimization of P-D-galactopyranoside synthesis from lactose using commercially available p-galactosidases. Biotechnol Bioeng 42 657-666 Svendsen A (2000) Lipase protein engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta 1543 223-238 Swi TM (2007) Artificial cells. World Scientific Publ, Singapore, 400 pp... 

Examples metallic glitter intended mainly for decorations, artificial snow and frost, whoopee cushions, silly string, aerosols, imitation excrement, horns for parties, decorative flakes and foams, artificial cobwebs, stink bombs). 

Petuniolide C (XVIII) was available in reasonable amounts, and we submitted samples of the compound elsewhere for tests upon other insects. The tobacco horn-worm (M. sexto) was susceptible to this compound in artificial diets (as might have been expected from early observations of larvae on the plant), with only 50% survival of animals to the prepupal stage at a dosage of 20 ppm (J. Oliver, personal communication). Another caterpillar, the variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia Hubner), was... 

What makes artificial plastics so attractive compared with long-used natural polymers such as wood, paper, cotton, wool, silk, horn, or natural rabber (caoutchouc) Synthesized plastics can be easily formed into almost any shape, they are resistant to environmental effects, heat, chemicals, and they are inexpensive (these properties, of course, differ depending on the type of plastics). Natural polymers have some advantages, too, primarily that they are typically more biodegradable than synthetic materials. As environmental pollution worsens, this property is becoming increasingly important. Humankind must use resources efficiently and must try to prevent unnecessary problems in the enviromnent. 

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