Environmental arsenic compounds

WHO (2001). Arsenic Compounds. Environmental Health Criteria, 224. World Health Organization, Geneva. 

WHO (2001) Arsenic and arsenic compounds. Environmental health criteria 224. The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Available at http //www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ ehc/ehc224.htm... 

Pershagen, G., Lind, B. and Bjorklund, N.E. (1982) Lung retention and toxicity of some inorganic arsenic compounds. Environmental Research, 29(2), 425-34. 

Smith, T.J., Crecelius, E.A. and Reading, J.C. (1977) Airborne arsenic exposure and excretion of methylated arsenic compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives, 19, 89-93. 

World Health Organization (WHO) (2001) Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, Environmental Health Criteria, Vol. 224, 2nd edn, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva. 

The commercial uses of arsenic compounds in 1988, measured in terms of elemental arsenic, are wood (qv) preservatives, 69% agricultural products (herbicides (qv) and desiccants (qv)), 23% glass (qv), 4% nonferrous alloys and electronics, 2% and animal feed additives and pharmaceuticals (qv), 2% (see Feeds AND feed additives). Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) [11125-95-4] is the most widely used arsenic-based wood preservative. The Environmental Protection Agency has, however, restricted the use of arsenical wood preservatives to certified appHcators. 

Concerning anthropogenic sources, methyl arsenic compounds such as methyl arsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid have been used as herbicides, and were once a significant source of environmental residues. Dimethyl-arsinic acid (Agent Blue) was used as a defoliant during the Vietnam War. 

Craig, PJ. (Eid.) (1986). Organometallic Compounds in the Environment—collection of detailed chapters on the environmental chemistry and hiochemistry of organometallic compounds. Environmental Health Criteria 18 Arsenic Environmental Health Criteria 85 Lead Environmental Aspects Environmental Health Criteria 86 Mercury, Environmental Aspects Environmental Health Criteria 101 Methylmercury Environmental Health Criteria 116 Tributyltin... 

The arsenic compounds most commonly found in environmental and biological materials, and in working places, are arsenite and arsenate ions [As(III) and As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), arsine, di- and tri-... 

Fendorf S, Eich MJ, Grossl P, Sparks DL (1997) Arsenate and chromate retention mechanisms on goethite. 1. Surface structure. Environ Sci Technol 31 315—320 Francesconi KA, Kuehnelt D (2002) Arsenic compounds in the environment. In Environmental chemistry of arsenic. In Frankenberger WT Jr (ed) Marcel Dekker, New York, Chapter 3, pp 51-94... 

As with other specialty chemicals, which can impair human health and therefore need extensive and expensive testing prior to commercialization, R D in biocides is concentrating on formulations and applications, rather than on new chemical entities. NCEs are developed for substitution of old products with environmental hazards, such as the copper/arsenic compounds used in timber and wood preservation. 

Slejkovec, Z. and KanduC, T. (2005) Unexpected arsenic compounds in low-rank coals. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(10), 3450-54. 

Table 4.1 Examples of arsenic compounds of environmental and biological interest. Inorganic arsenicals Organic arsenicals...

Marafante, E. and Vahter, M. (1987) Solubility, retention, and metabolism of intratracheally and orally administered inorganic arsenic compounds in the hamster. Environmental Research, 42(1), 72-82. 

Goessler, W. and Kuehnelt, D.D. (2002) Analytical methods for the determination of arsenic and arsenic compounds in the environment, in Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic (ed. W.T. Frankenberger Jr., Marcel Dekker, New York, 27-50. 

Phenrat, T., Marhaba, T.F. and Rachakornkij, M. (2007) XRD and unconfined compressive strength study for a qualitative examination of calcium-arsenic compounds retardation of cement hydration in solidified/stabilized arsenic-iron hydroxide sludge. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 133(6), 595-607. 

Leermakers, M., W. Baeyens, M. De Gieter, et al. 2006. Toxic arsenic compounds in environmental samples Speciation and validation. Trends Anal. Chem. 25(1) 1-10. 

Description Three RAM processes are available to remove arsenic (RAM I) arsenic, mercury and lead (RAM II) and arsenic, mercury and sulfur from liquid hydrocarbons (RAM III). Described above is the RAM II process. Feed is heated by exchange with reactor effluent and steam (1). It is then hydrolyzed in the first catalytic reactor (2) in which organometallic mercury compounds are converted to elemental mercury, and organic arsenic compounds are converted to arsenic-metal complexes and trapped in the bed. Lead, if any, is also trapped on the bed. The second reactor (3) contains a specific mercury-trapping mass. There is no release of the contaminants to the environment, and spent catalyst and trapping material can be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. 

Silver, S., Nahahara, H. (1983). Bacterial resistance to arsenic compounds. In Industrial, Biomedical, Environmental Perspectives (W.H. Lederer, R.J. Fensterheim, eds), pp. 190-9. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 

Arsenic can exist in several oxidation states, as both inorganic and organometallic species, and in dissolved and gaseous phases (Table I). Dissolved arsenic species can adsorb to suspended solids and be carried down to the sediments in an aquatic system. Since gaseous arsenic compounds can form, arsenic can be removed from the sediments as dissolved gas or in gas bubbles (e.g. CH ). Thus, arsenic can cycle within aquatic ecosystems and this cyclic behavior has been reviewed by Ferguson and Gavis (1 ) and Woolson 2). In any given system, it is necessary to understand the behavior of a variety of different arsenic compounds as well as a variety of environmental compartments in order to totally characterize the cyclic behavior of this element. 

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